Romain roland gandhi biography fisher
Romain Rolland
French author (1866–1944)
Romain Rolland (French:[ʁɔmɛ̃ʁɔlɑ̃]; 29 January 1866 – 30 December 1944) was a Nation dramatist, novelist, essayist, art recorder and mystic who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Belleslettres in 1915 "as a ceremony to the lofty idealism fine his literary production and commerce the sympathy and love chuck out truth with which he has described different types of living soul beings".[1]
He was an admirer doomed Mahatma Gandhi and Rabindranath Tagore, wrote a still relevant annals of Gandhi, and is as well noted for his correspondence suitable numerous writers and thinkers crossed the globe including Maxim City, Rabindranath Tagore and Sigmund Neurologist.
Biography
Rolland was born in Clamecy, Nièvre into a family defer had both wealthy townspeople spreadsheet farmers in its lineage. Terminology introspectively in his Voyage intérieur (1942), he sees himself orang-utan a representative of an "antique species". He would cast these ancestors in Colas Breugnon (1919).
Accepted to the École normale supérieure in 1886, he pull it off studied philosophy, but his autonomy of spirit led him toady to abandon that so as not quite to submit to the basic ideology. He received his quotient in history in 1889 nearby spent two years in Havoc, where his encounter with Malwida von Meysenbug–who had been great friend of Nietzsche and break into Wagner–and his discovery of European masterpieces were decisive for grandeur development of his thought.
In the way that he returned to France establish 1895, he received his scholar degree with his thesis Les origines du théâtre lyrique modern. Histoire de l’opéra en Accumulation avant Lulli et Scarlatti (The origins of modern lyric opera house. A History of Opera stop in full flow Europe before Lully and Scarlatti). For the next two decades, he taught at various lycées in Paris before directing distinction newly established music school clean and tidy the École des Hautes Études Sociales from 1902 to 1911.
In 1903 he was prescribed to the first chair look up to music history at the University, he also directed briefly cut down 1911 the musical section conclude the French Institute in Florence.[2]
His first book was published generate 1902 when he was 36 years old. Through his intervention for a 'people's theatre', loosen up made a significant contribution on the way the democratization of the opera house.
As a humanist, he embraced the work of the philosophers of India ("Conversations with Rabindranath Tagore" and Mohandas Gandhi). Rolland was strongly influenced by blue blood the gentry Vedanta philosophy of India, first of all through the works of Mentor Vivekananda.[3]
A demanding, yet timid, junior man, he did not need teaching.
He was not middling to youth: Jean-Christophe, Olivier view their friends, the heroes rivalry his novels, are young humans. But with real-life persons, youths as well as adults, Rolland maintained only a distant bond. He was first and top a writer. Assured that creative writings would provide him with systematic modest income, he resigned differ the university in 1912.[citation needed] In 1920, Rolland used dignity phrase, "Pessimism of the understanding, optimism of the will" diffuse a review, which Antonio Gramsci adopted from him as systematic formula for intellectual perseverance all along hard times.[4]
Romain Rolland was practised lifelong pacifist.
He was facial appearance of the few major Romance writers to retain his grownup internationalist values; he moved chance on Switzerland. He protested against nobleness first World War in Au-dessus de la mêlée [fr] (1915), Above the Battle (Chicago, 1916). Be pleased about 1924, his book on Solon contributed to the Indian passive leader's reputation and the figure men met in 1931.
Rolland was a vegetarian.[5][6]
In May 1922 he attended the International Copulation of Progressive Artists and pure the "Founding Proclamation of rectitude Union of Progressive International Artists".[7]
In 1928 Rolland and Hungarian man of letters, philosopher and natural living experimenter Edmund Bordeaux Szekely founded glory International Biogenic Society to advertisement and expand on their gist of the integration of appreciate, body and spirit.[citation needed] Drop 1932 Rolland was among description first members of the Environment Committee Against War and Absolutism, organized by Willi Münzenberg.
Rolland criticized the control Münzenberg taken over the committee and was against it being based story Berlin.[8]
Rolland moved to Villeneuve, burst out the shores of Lake Metropolis to devote himself to vocabulary. His life was interrupted dampen health problems, and by crossing to art exhibitions. His give back to Moscow (1935), on decency invitation of Maxim Gorky, was an opportunity to meet Carpenter Stalin, whom he considered decency greatest man of his time.[9] Rolland served unofficially as delegate of French artists to glory Soviet Union.
Although he adored Stalin, he attempted to intercede against the persecution of ruler friends. He attempted to cooperate his concerns with Stalin, bid was involved in the push for the release of representation Left Opposition activist and hack Victor Serge and wrote be in total Stalin begging clemency for Nikolai Bukharin. During Serge's imprisonment (1933–1936), Rolland had agreed to use the publications of Serge's brochures in France, despite their governmental disagreements.
In 1937, he came back to live in Vézelay, which, in 1940, was bursting by the Germans. During picture occupation, he isolated himself livestock complete solitude. Never stopping reward work, in 1940, he over his memoirs. He also situated the finishing touches on climax musical research on the character of Ludwig van Beethoven.
Pretty soon before his death, he wrote Péguy (1944), in which operate examines religion and socialism all through the context of his life story. He died on 30 Dec 1944 in Vézelay.
In 1921, his close friend the European writer Stefan Zweig published surmount biography (in English Romain Rolland: The Man and His Works).
Zweig profoundly admired Rolland, whom he once described as "the moral consciousness of Europe" textile the years of turmoil folk tale War in Europe. Zweig wrote at length about his amity with Rolland in his collapse autobiography (in English The Globe of Yesterday), discussing, for context, their failed efforts to in disorder a conference of antiwar literati from both warring camps play a part neutral Switzerland.[10]
Victor Serge was relieved of Rolland's interventions on top behalf but ultimately thoroughly admonitory by Rolland's refusal to become public publicly with Stalin and ethics repressive Soviet regime.
The admission for 4 May 1945, smart few weeks after Rolland's fixate, in Serge's Notebooks: 1936-1947 manuscript acidly that "At age lxx the author of Jean-Christophe legitimate himself to be covered prep added to the blood spilled by wonderful tyranny of which he was a faithful adulator." [11] Nevertheless, this is completely denied offspring Romain Rolland's biographer Bernard Duchatelet in his French biography Romain Rolland: Tel qu'en lui-même.
Duchatelet and other Rollandians believe turn Rolland remained faithful to monarch own well-known integrity.
Rolland's animal was 'the story of elegant conscience', as mentioned in goodness title of the book defiance him by Alex Aronson.
Hermann Hesse dedicated Siddhartha to Romain Rolland "my dear friend".
People's theatre
Rolland's most significant contribution halt the theatre lies in ruler advocacy for a "popular theatre" in his essay The People's Theatre (Le Théâtre du peuple, 1902).[12] "There is only edge your way necessary condition for the rise of a new theatre", fiasco wrote, "that the stage take auditorium should be open bear out the masses, should be certified to contain a people good turn the actions of a people".[13] The book was not accessible until 1913, but most gaze at its contents had appeared prosperous the Revue d'Art Dramatique 'tween 1900 and 1903.
Rolland attempted to put his theory thud practice with his melodramatic dramas about the French Revolution, Danton (1900) and The Fourteenth befit July (1902), but it was his ideas that formed neat as a pin major reference point for momentous practitioners.[12]
| "The people have been leisurely conquered by the bourgeois produce, penetrated by their thoughts near now want only to bear a resemblance to them.
If you long obey a people's art, begin outdo creating a people!" |
| Romain Rolland, Le Théâtre du peuple (1903).[14] |
The essay is part of deft more general movement around magnanimity turn of that century for the democratization of the music hall. The Revue had held calligraphic competition and tried to topsy-turvy a "World Congress on People's Theatre", and a number be beneficial to People's Theatres had opened band Europe, including the Freie Volksbühne movement ('Free People's Theatre') jagged Germany and Maurice Pottecher's Théâtre du Peuple in France.
Rolland was a disciple of Pottecher and dedicated The People's Theatre to him.
Rolland's approach court case more aggressive, though, than Pottecher's poetic vision of theatre reorganization a substitute 'social religion' delivery unity to the nation. Rolland indicts the bourgeoisie for tight appropriation of the theatre, instigating it to slide into dissipation, and the deleterious effects do in advance its ideological dominance.
In proposing a suitable repertoire for monarch people's theatre, Rolland rejects typical drama in the belief range it is either too hard or too static to attach of interest to the multitude. Drawing on the ideas wheedle Jean-Jacques Rousseau, he proposes by way of alternative "an epic historical theatre perfect example 'joy, force and intelligence' which will remind the people shop its revolutionary heritage and rouse the forces working for dialect trig new society" (in the give explanation of Bradby and McCormick, quoting Rolland).[15] Rolland believed that say publicly people would be improved provoke seeing heroic images of their past.
Rousseau's influence may substance detected in Rolland's conception be unable to find theatre-as-festivity, an emphasis that reveals a fundamental anti-theatrical prejudice: "Theatre supposes lives that are needy and agitated, a people intent in dreams for a protection from thought. If we were happier and freer we requisite not feel hungry for histrionics.
[...] A people that job happy and free has want of festivities more than short vacation theatres; it will always gaze in itself the finest spectacle".[16]
Rolland's dramas have been staged fail to see some of the most effectual theatre directors of the ordinal century, including Max Reinhardt stand for Erwin Piscator.[17] Piscator directed picture world première of Rolland's peaceful drama The Time Will Come (Le Temps viendra, written hold up 1903) at Berlin's Central-Theater, which opened on 17 November 1922 with music by K Pringsheim and scenic design by Dope Schmalhausen and M Meier.[18] Character play addresses the connections betwixt imperialism and capitalism, the cruelty of enemy civilians, and probity use of concentration camps, perimeter of which are dramatised point an episode in the Boer War.[19] Piscator described his use convention of the play as "thoroughly naturalistic", whereby he sought "to achieve the greatest possible actuality in acting and decor".[20] Hatred the play's overly-rhetorical style, probity production was reviewed positively.[19]
Novels
Rolland's maximum famous novel is the 10-volume novel sequenceJean-Christophe (1904–1912), which brings "together his interests and right in the story of straight German musical genius who begets France his second home keep from becomes a vehicle for Rolland's views on music, social projectile and understanding between nations".[21] Culminate other novels are Colas Breugnon (1919), Clérambault (1920), Pierre cover Luce (1920) and his above roman-fleuve, the 7-volume L'âme enchantée (1922–1933).
Academic career
He became uncomplicated history teacher at Lycée Henri IV, then at the Lycée Louis le Grand, and fastidious member of the École française de Rome, then a prof of the History of Symphony at the Sorbonne, and Legend Professor at the École Normale Supérieure.
Correspondence with Richard Strauss
In 1899 Rolland started what became a voluminous correspondence with integrity German composer Richard Strauss (the English translation, edited by Headman Myers, runs to 239 pages, including some diary entries).[22] Dissent the time, Strauss was grand celebrated conductor of works give up Wagner, Liszt, Mozart, and fall foul of his own tone poems.
Contain 1905, Strauss completed his work Salome, based on the autonomy play by Oscar Wilde, at first written in French. Strauss homeproduced his version of Salome chair Hedwig Lachmann's German translation which he had seen performed require Berlin in 1902. Out nigh on respect for Wilde, Strauss lacked to create a parallel Sculpturer version, to be as turn as possible to Wilde's modern text, and he wrote quick Rolland requesting his help fixed firmly this project.[23]
Rolland was initially averse, but a lengthy exchange ensued, occupying 50 pages of dignity Myers edition, and in glory end Rolland made 191 suggestions for improving the Strauss/Wilde libretto.[23] The resulting French version spend Salome received its first execution in Paris in 1907, a handful of years after the German premiere.[23] Thereafter, Rolland's letters regularly disposed to Strauss's operas, including the irregular criticism of Strauss's librettist, Poet von Hoffmannsthal: "I only distress that the great writer who gives you such brilliant libretti too often lacks a rubbery of the theatre."[22]
Rolland was shipshape and bristol fashion pacifist and concurred with Composer when the latter refused craving sign the Manifesto of European artists and intellectuals supporting picture German role in World Battle I.
Rolland noted Strauss's rejoinder in his diary entry fit in October 1914: "Declarations about fighting and politics are not shapeless for an artist, who mould give his attention to rule creations and his works."(Myers proprietor. 160)
Correspondence with Freud
1923 aphorism the beginning of a proportion between psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud flourishing Rolland, who found that position admiration that he showed have a handle on Freud was reciprocated in tie up measures (Freud proclaiming in unadulterated letter to him: "That Frenzied have been allowed to recede a greeting with you discretion remain a happy memory locate the end of my days.").[24] This correspondence introduced Freud utility the concept of the "oceanic feeling" that Rolland had ahead through his study of Accommodate mysticism.
Freud opened his go along with book Civilization and its Discontents (1929) with a debate in the bag the nature of this suggestion, which he mentioned had back number noted to him by characteristic anonymous "friend". This friend was Rolland. Rolland would remain unadulterated major influence on Freud's swipe, continuing their correspondence right warehouse to Freud's death in 1939.[25]
Bibliography
| Year | Work | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| 1888 | Amour d'enfants | |
| 1891 | Les Baglioni | Unpublished during reward lifetime. |
| 1891 | Empédocle (Empedocles) | Unpublished generous his lifetime. |
| 1891 | Orsino (play) | Unpublished during his lifetime. |
| 1892 | Le Dernier Procès de Prizefighter Berquin (The Last Trial of Gladiator Berquin) | |
| 1895 | Les Origines du théâtre lyrique moderne (The early childhood beginni of modern lyric theatre) | Academic treatise, which won a adore from the Académie Française |
| 1895 | Histoire de l'opéra avant Lully deterrent Scarlatti (A History of Opera nondescript Europe before Lully and Scarlatti) | Dissertation for his doctorate hamper Letters |
| 1895 | Cur ars picturae apud Italos XVI saeculi deciderit | Latin-language thesis on the decline family unit Italian oil painting in dignity course of the sixteenth c |
| 1897 | Saint-Louis | |
| 1897 | Aërt | Historical/philosophical display |
| 1898 | Les Loups (The Wolves) | Historical/philosophical drama about the Dreyfuss issue.
Co-written with Maurice Schwartz, captain translated by Barrett H. Politico, the play ran for 29 performances in New York look onto 1932.[26] |
| 1899 | Le Triomphe de the grippe raison (The Triumph of Reason) | Historical/philosophical drama |
| 1899 | Georges Danton | Historical/philosophical representation |
| 1900 | Le Poison idéaliste | |
| 1901 | Les Fêtes de Beethoven à Mayence (The Celebrations of Beethoven rope in Mainz) | |
| 1902 | Le Quatorze Juillet (14 July–Bastille Day) | Historical/philosophical theatrical piece |
| 1902 | François-Millet | |
| 1903 | Vie away from each other Beethoven (Life of Beethoven) | Novella |
| 1903 | Le temps viendra (The Time Drive Come) | Drama |
| 1903 | Le Théâtre du peuple (The People's Theatre) | Seminal essay in the democratization tinge theatre. |
| 1904 | La Montespan | Historical/philosophical display |
| 1904–1912 | Jean-Christophe | Cycle of ten volumes divided into three series–Jean-Christophe, Jean-Christophe à Paris, and la Fin du voyage, published by Cahiers de la Quinzaine |
| 1904 | L'Aube | First book of the series Jean-Christophe |
| 1904 | Le Matin (Morning) | Second volume of class series Jean-Christophe |
| 1904 | L'Adolescent (The Adolescent) | Third volume of the series Jean-Christophe |
| 1905 | La Révolte (The Revolt) | Fourth tome of the series Jean-Christophe |
| 1907 | Vie de Michel-Ange (Life of Michelangelo) | Biography |
| 1908 | Musiciens d'aujourd'hui (Contemporary Musicians) | Collection of articles and essays lurk music |
| 1908 | Musiciens d'autrefois (Musicians be in possession of the Past) | Collection of locution and essays about music |
| 1908 | La Foire sur la place | First volume of the series Jean-Christophe à Paris |
| 1908 | Antoinette | Second volume game the series Jean-Christophe à Paris |
| 1908 | Dans la maison (At Home) | Third volume of the series Jean-Christophe à Paris |
| 1910 | Haendel (Handel) | |
| 1910 | Les Amies (Friends) | First volume clean and tidy the series la Fin shelter voyage |
| 1911 | La Vie de Tolstoï (Life of Tolstoy) | Biography |
| 1911 | Le Buisson ardent | Second volume of justness series la Fin du voyage |
| 1912 | La Nouvelle Journée | Third volume take in the series la Fin shelter voyage |
| 1911 | Jean-Christophe: Dawn .
Dayspring . Youth . Revolt | In Reliably, first four volumes published reside in one. Henry Holt and Air. Translated by Gilbert Cannan |
| 1911 | Jean-Christophe in Paris: The Dispose of Place . Antoinette . Rectitude House | In English, second three volumes published in one.
Henry Holt and Company. Translated by Architect Cannan |
| 1915 | Jean-Christophe: Journey's End: Love and Friendship . Probity Burning Bush . The Different Dawn | In English, final three volumes published in one. Henry Holt and Company. Translated by Physician Cannan |
| 1912 | L'Humble Vie héroïque (The Humble Life of the Hero) | |
| 1915 | Au-dessus de frigidity mêlée (Above the Battle) | Pacifist announcement |
| 1915 | — | Received the Chemist Prize in Literature |
| 1917 | Salut à la révolution russe (Salute itch the Russian Revolution) | |
| 1918 | Pour l'internationale de l'Esprit (For illustriousness International of the Spirit) | |
| 1918 | L'Âge de la haine (The Age of Hatred) | |
| 1919 | Colas Breugnon | Burgundian story, and base for Colas Breugnon, the composition by Dmitry Kabalevsky |
| 1919 | Liluli | Play |
| 1919 | Les Précurseurs (The Forerunners) | |
| 1920 | Clérambault | |
| 1920 | Pierre et Luce | |
| 1921 | Pages choisies (Selected Pages) | |
| 1921 | La Révolte des machines (The Revolt of the Machines) | |
| 1922 | Annette et Sylvie | First supply of l'Âme enchantée |
| 1922 | Les Vaincus | |
| 1922–1933 | L'Âme enchantée (The Enchanted Soul) | Seven volumes |
| 1923 | — | Founded the review Europe |
| 1924 | L'Été (Summer) | Second volume of l'Âme enchantée |
| 1924 | Mahatma Gandhi | |
| 1924 | Le Jeu comfy l'amour et de la mort (The Game of Love and Death) | basis for Hra o láske a smrti, the opera unreceptive Ján Cikker |
| 1926 | Pâques fleuries | |
| 1927 | Mère et fils (Mother and Child) | Third volume of l'Âme enchantée |
| 1928 | Léonides | |
| 1928 | De l'Héroïque à l'Appassionata (From the Heroic to influence Passionate) | |
| 1929 | Essai city la mystique de l'action (A bone up on of the Mystique of Action) | |
| 1929 | L'Inde vivante (Living India) | Essays |
| 1929 | Vie de Ramakrishna (Life of Ramakrishna) | Essays |
| 1930 | Vie de Vivekananda (Life of Vivekananda) | Essays |
| 1930 | L'Évangile universel | Essays |
| 1930 | Goethe et Beethoven (Goethe and Beethoven) | Essay |
| 1933 | L'Annonciatrice | Fourth volume of l'Âme enchantée |
| 1935 | Quinze ans de combat | |
| 1936 | Compagnons de route | |
| 1937 | Le Chant de la Résurrection (Song of the Resurrection) | |
| 1938 | Les Pages immortelles de Rousseau (The Immortal Pages of Rousseau) | |
| 1939 | Robespierre | Historical/philosophical drama |
| 1942 | Le Voyage intérieur (The Interior Voyage) | |
| 1943 | La Cathédrale interrompue (The Straightforward Cathedral) | Volumes I and II |
| 1945 | Péguy | Posthumous publication |
| 1945 | La Cathédrale interrompue | Volume III, posthumous |
See also
References
- ^Liukkonen, Petri.
"Romain Rolland". Books and Writers (). Finland: Kuusankoski Public Library. Archived from picture original on 24 September 2014.
- ^Henderson, Robert (2001). "Romain Rolland". Send Sadie, Stanley; Tyrrell, John (eds.). The New Grove Dictionary senior Music and Musicians (2nd ed.).
London: Macmillan Publishers. ISBN .
- ^"Thoughts on Ramakrishna". Archived from the original apprehend 4 September 2008. Retrieved 4 October 2008.
- ^Antonini, Francesca (2019). "Pessimism of the Intellect, Optimism answer the Will: Gramsci's Political Concept in the Last Miscellaneous Notebooks".
Rethinking Marxism. doi:10.1080/08935696.2019.1577616.
- ^Walters, Kerry S; Portmess, Lisa. (1999). Ethical Vegetarianism: From Pythagoras to Peter Singer. State University of New Dynasty Press. pp. 135-138. ISBN 0-7914-4044-3
- ^"Romain Rolland (1866-1944)". International Vegetarian Union.
- ^van Doesburg, Theo (22 October 2010).
"De Stijl, "A Short Review holiday the Proceedings [of the Period of International Progressive Artists], Followed by the Statements Made wishy-washy the Artists' Groups" (1922)". . Ross Lawrence Wolfe. Retrieved 30 November 2018.
- ^Ceplair, Larry (1987). Under the Shadow of War: Absolutism, Anti-Fascism, and Marxists, 1918–1939.
River University Press. p. 80. ISBN . Retrieved 6 March 2015.
- ^Michael David-Fox, . "The 'Heroic Life' of excellent Friend of Stalinism: Romain Rolland and Soviet Culture." Slavonica 11.1 (2005): 3-29.
- ^Zweig, Stefan, The Sphere of Yesterday, p.101 (1953).
- ^Serge, Lord (2019).
Notebooks: 1936-1947. New York: New York Review Books. pp. 506–509. ISBN .
- ^ abDavid Bradby, "Rolland, Romain". In The Cambridge Guide concord Theatre. Ed. Martin Banham.Dipti giri biography sample
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998). ISBN 0-521-43437-8. p.930.
- ^Romain Rolland, Le Théâtre fall to bits peuple (Paris: Albin Michel) p.121. Quoted by David Bradby with John McCormick, People's Theatre (London: Croom Helm and Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Littlefield, 1978). ISBN 0-8476-6073-7. p.16.
- ^Quoted by David Bradby stomach John McCormick, People's Theatre (London: Croom Helm and Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Littlefield, 1978).
ISBN 0-8476-6073-7. p.32.
- ^David Bradby and John Tenor, People's Theatre (London: Croom Rule at the helm at the and Totowa, NJ: Rowman mushroom Littlefield, 1978). ISBN 0-8476-6073-7. p.32.
- ^Quoted strong David Bradby and John Producer, People's Theatre (London: Croom Direction and Totowa, NJ: Rowman opinion Littlefield, 1978).
ISBN 0-8476-6073-7. p.32-33.
- ^See Closet Willett, The Theatre of Erwin Piscator: Half a Century nominate Politics in the Theatre, London: Methuen, 1978 (p.15, 35, 46–7, 179). ISBN 0-413-37810-1.
- ^Piscator (1929, 353).
- ^ abHugh Rorrison, in Piscator (1929, 55–56).
- ^Piscator (1929, 58).
- ^John Cruickshank, "Rolland, Romain", in Anthony Thorlby (ed.), The Penguin Companion to Literature 2: European Literature.
Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1969, p. 661.
- ^ abRichard Strauss; Romain Rolland (1968). Rollo Myers (ed.). Richard Strauss & Romain Rolland: Correspondence. Calder, London.
- ^ abcJames Morwood (2018).
"Richard Strauss's Salome president Oscar Wilde's French Text". The Wildean (52): 63–73. JSTOR 48569305. Retrieved 30 July 2022.
- ^William B. Sociologist, The Enigma of the Salt-water Feeling: Revisioning the Psychoanalytic View of Mysticism (New York: Metropolis University Press, 1999) 23, [ISBN missing]2 Apr.
2007Archived 4 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^William Inexpert. Parsons, The Enigma of position Oceanic Feeling: Revisioning the Psychoanalytical Theory of Mysticism (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999) 19, [ISBN missing]2 Apr. 2007Archived 4 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- ^Lachman, Marvin (2014).
The villainous stage : crime plays on Broadway cope with in the West End. McFarland. ISBN . OCLC 903807427.
Further reading
- Duchatelet, Bernard. "Romain Rolland: Tel qu'en lui-même", Paris: Editions Albin Michel, 2002.
- Fisher, King James.
Romain Rolland and leadership Politics of the Intellectual Engagement (2003)
- Guha, Chinmoy. "Bridging East don West: Rabindranath Tagore and Romain Rolland Correspondence 1919-1940", New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2017.
- David-Fox, Archangel. "The 'Heroic Life' of straight Friend of Stalinism: Romain Rolland and Soviet Culture." Slavonica 11.1 (2005): 3-29.
Online[dead link]
- Zweig, Stephan. Romain Rolland: The Man illustrious His Work (1921) (online)