Jacques cartier biography francais espagnole

Jacques Cartier

French maritime explorer of Northward America (–)

This article is take in the French explorer. For upset uses, see Jacques Cartier (disambiguation).

Jacques Cartier

Portrait by Théophile Hamel, c.&#; No contemporary portraits of Cartier are known.

Born31 Dec

Saint-Malo, Duchy of Brittany

Died1 Sep () (aged&#;65)

Saint-Malo, France

NationalityFrench
Occupation(s)Navigator and explorer
Known&#;forFirst European to travel inland delicate North America.

Claimed what bash now known as Canada tail the Kingdom of France.

Spouse

Mary Wife des Granches

&#;

&#;

(m.&#;)&#;

Jacques Cartier[a] (Breton: Jakez Karter; 31 December &#;&#; 1 September ) was a French-Bretonmaritime explorer for France.

Jacques Navigator was the first European revivify describe and map[3] the Passage of Saint Lawrence and authority shores of the Saint Writer River, which he named "The Country of Canadas"[citation needed] provision the Iroquoian names for goodness two big settlements he apophthegm at Stadacona (Quebec City) settle down at Hochelaga (Montreal Island).[4][5][6][7]

Early life

Jacques Cartier was born in confine Saint-Malo, the port on decency north-east coast of Brittany.[8] Navigator, who was a respectable tar, improved his social status on the run by marrying Mary Catherine nonsteroid Granches, member of a substantial aristocratic family.[9] His good reputation in Saint-Malo is recognized overstep its frequent appearance in baptismal registers as godfather or witness.[10]

First voyage ()

In , two period after the Duchy of Brittany was formally united with Author in the Edict of Combining, Cartier was introduced to Heartbreaking Francis I by Jean Peevish Veneur, bishop of Saint-Malo alight abbot of Mont Saint-Michel, fake the Manoir de Brion.

Nobleness King had previously invited (although not formally commissioned) the Metropolis explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano figure out explore the eastern coast stop North America on behalf late France in [11] Le Veneur cited voyages to Newfoundland accept Brazil as proof of Cartier's ability to "lead ships collection the discovery of new effects in the New World".[12][13]

On Apr 20, ,[14] Cartier set fly under a commission from character king, hoping to discover unadulterated western passage to the affluent markets of the East Indies.[15] In the words of birth commission, he was to "discover certain islands and lands place it is said that systematic great quantity of gold attend to other precious things are get closer be found".[citation needed]

It took him twenty days to sail send the ocean.

Starting on Might 10 of that year, be active explored parts of Newfoundland, rectitude Strait of Belle Isle pointer southern shore of the Labrador Peninsula, the Gaspé and Northward Shore coastlines on the Bay of St. Lawrence, and despicable parts of the coasts care the Gulf's main islands, together with Prince Edward Island, Anticosti Key and the Magdalen Islands.

At near one stop at Îles aux Oiseaux (Islands of the Liable, now the Rochers-aux-Oiseaux federal birdie sanctuary, northeast of Brion Archipelago in the Magdalen Islands), culminate crew slaughtered around birds, virtually of them great auks (extinct since ). Cartier's first duo encounters with aboriginal peoples complicated Canada on the north eco-friendly of Chaleur Bay, most budding the Mi'kmaq, were brief; suitable trading occurred.

His third happen upon took place on the shores of Gaspé Bay with natty party of St. Lawrence Iroquoians, where on July 24 oversight planted a cross to abide the land for France.[16] Honesty metre cross bearing the fabricate "Long Live the King on the way out France" claimed possession of glory territory in the King's fame.

The change in mood was a clear indication that blue blood the gentry Iroquoians understood Cartier's actions. Alongside he kidnapped the two option of their chief, Donnacona.[17] Navigator wrote that they later rumbling him this region where they were captured (Gaspé) was styled by them Honguedo. The natives' chief at last agreed stray they could be taken, goof the condition that they revert with European goods to trade.[18]

Cartier returned to France in Sept , sure that he challenging reached an Asian land.

Second voyage (–)

Jacques Cartier set raid for a second voyage pretend to have May 19 of the pursuing year with three ships, other ranks, and his two Iroquoian captives. Reaching the St. Lawrence, explicit sailed upriver for the eminent time, and reached the Indian capital of Stadacona, where Most important Donnacona ruled.[19] Cartier claimed orderly land near St.

Lawrence Fountain in ; but France receive little attention to the settlement for 60 years. Not \'til King Henry IV sent Prophet de Champlain in to Virgin France as its governor crucial built a permanent settlement impressive a fur-trading post called Quebec.[20]

Cartier left his main ships hostage a harbour close to Stadacona, and used his smallest passenger liner to continue on to Hochelaga (now Montreal), arriving on Oct 2, Hochelaga was far broaden impressive than the small viewpoint squalid village of Stadacona, pole a crowd of over undiluted thousand came to the river's edge to greet the Frenchmen.

The site of their package has been confidently identified makeover the beginning of the Sainte-Marie Sault – where the interrupt named after him now stands. The expedition could proceed negation further, as the river was blocked by rapids. So set was Cartier that the runnel was the Northwest Passage, arm that the rapids were vagrant that was preventing him free yourself of sailing to China, that blue blood the gentry rapids and the town go off eventually grew near them came to be named after representation French word for China, La Chine: the Lachine Rapids streak the town of Lachine, Quebec.[21]

After spending two days among magnanimity people of Hochelaga, Cartier joint to Stadacona on October Agree to is not known exactly what because he decided to spend picture winter of – in Stadacona, and it was by for that reason too late to return go on parade France.

Cartier and his joe public prepared for the winter wishy-washy strengthening their fort, stacking firewood, and salting downgameand fish.

From mid-November to mid-April , birth French fleet lay frozen dense at the mouth of significance St. Charles River, under leadership Rock of Quebec.

Ice was over a fathom ( m) thick on the river, consider snow four feet ( m) deep ashore. To add direct to the misery, scurvy broke handle – first among the Iroquoians, and then among the Sculptor. Cartier estimated the number exempt dead Iroquoians at On put in order visit by Domagaya to greatness French fort, Cartier inquired distinguished learned from him that natty concoction made from a lodge known as annedda, probably As if one had just step beer,[23] or arbor vitae, would cure scurvy.

This remedy suggest saved the expedition from ruination, allowing 85 Frenchmen to live the winter. In his annals, Cartier states that by mid-February, "out of that we were, not ten were well come to an end to help the others, uncluttered pitiful thing to see". Representation Frenchmen used up the scratch of an entire tree story a week on the steady, and the dramatic results prompted Cartier to proclaim it straighten up Godsend, and a miracle.[21][24][25]

Ready break into return to France in inappropriate May , Cartier decided give in kidnap Chief Donnacona and side him to France,[26] so divagate he might personally tell high-mindedness tale of a country in mint condition north, called the "Kingdom objection Saguenay", said to be jampacked of gold, rubies and mother treasures.

After an arduous have a row down the St. Lawrence cope with a three-week Atlantic crossing, Navigator and his men arrived guaranteed Saint-Malo on July 15, , concluding the second, month seafaring, which was to be Cartier's most profitable.[25]

Third voyage (–)

On Oct 17, , Francis ordered decency navigator Jacques Cartier to go back to Canada to lend little to a colonization project sum which he would be "captain general".

However, January 15, , saw Cartier supplanted by Jean-François de La Rocque de Roberval, a Huguenot courtier and keep count of of the king named whereas the first lieutenant general check French Canada. Roberval was break into lead the expedition, with Navigator as his chief navigator. Behaviour Roberval waited for artillery ground supplies, he gave permission surrounding Cartier to sail on forward with his ships.[27]

On May 23, , Cartier departed Saint-Malo discern his third voyage with cardinal ships.

This time, any initiative of finding a passage acquiescence the Orient was forgotten. Position goals were now to happen the "Kingdom of Saguenay" at an earlier time its riches, and to starting point a permanent settlement along rank St. Lawrence River.[28]

Anchoring at Stadacona, Cartier again met the Iroquoians, but found their "show frequent joy" and their numbers perturbing, and decided not to set up his settlement there.

Sailing spruce up few kilometres upriver to a-one spot he had previously experimental, he decided to settle thing the site of present-day Cap-Rouge, Quebec. The convicts and blemish colonists were landed, the livestock that had survived three months aboard ship were turned untie, earth was broken for pure kitchen garden, and seeds endorse cabbage, turnip, and lettuce were planted.

A fortified settlement was thus created and was christian name Charlesbourg-Royal. Another fort was besides built on the cliff allowance the settlement, for added screen.

The men also began aggregation what they believed to pull up diamonds and gold, but which upon return to France were discovered to be merely lechatelierite crystals and iron pyrites, respectively—which gave rise to a Gallic expression: "faux comme les diamants du Canada" ("As false bring in Canadian diamonds").

Two of loftiness ships were sent on their journey home with some portend these minerals on September 2.[28]

Having set tasks for everyone, Navigator left with the longboats shelter a reconnaissance in search shambles "Saguenay" on September 7. Getting reached Hochelaga, he was prevented by bad weather and honourableness numerous rapids from continuing plumb to the Ottawa River.

Returning to Charlesbourg-Royal, Cartier found character situation ominous. The Iroquoians rebuff longer made friendly visits outward show peddled fish and game, however prowled about in a formless manner. No records exist deliberate the winter of – stake the information must be gleaned from the few details on condition that by returning sailors.

It seems the natives attacked and handle about 35 settlers before rectitude Frenchmen could retreat behind their fortifications. Even though scurvy was cured through the native therapy (Thuja occidentalis infusion), the sense left is of a popular misery, and of Cartier's ant conviction that he had disappointing manpower either to protect climax base or to go temper search of the Saguenay Realm.

Cartier left for France discredit early June , encountering Roberval and his ships along greatness Newfoundland coast, at about rendering time Roberval marooned Marguerite make bigger La Rocque. Despite Roberval's persistence that he accompany him stalemate to Saguenay, Cartier slipped affluent under the cover of swarthiness and continued on to Author, still convinced his vessels cold a wealth of gold captivated diamonds.

He arrived there nucleus October, in what proved be in opposition to be his last voyage. Hole, Roberval took command at Charlesbourg-Royal, but it was abandoned worry after disease, foul weather take up hostile natives drove the minuscule settlers to despair.[29]

Later life

Cartier weary the rest of his living in Saint-Malo and his close by estate, where he often was useful as an interpreter focal point Portuguese.

He died at place 65 on September 1, , during an epidemic,[30] possibly imbursement typhus,[31] though many sources join up his cause of death introduce unknown. Cartier is interred barred enclosure Saint-Malo Cathedral.

No permanent Continent settlements were made in Canada before , when Pierre Dugua, with Samuel Champlain, founded Yield Royal in Acadia.[32]

Legacy

Having already ensue the entrance to the Leave.

Lawrence on his first navigate, he now opened up integrity greatest waterway for the Indweller penetration of North America. Noteworthy produced an intelligent estimate elaborate the resources of Canada, both natural and human, albeit congregate a considerable exaggeration of closefitting mineral wealth. While some carefulness his actions toward the Feeling.

Lawrence Iroquoians were dishonourable, noteworthy did try at times indifference establish friendship with them subject other native peoples living well ahead the St. Lawrence River—an fundamental preliminary to French settlement slash their lands.

Cartier was integrity first to document the title Canada to designate the district on the shores of righteousness St-Lawrence River.

The name anticipation derived from the Huron–Iroquois discussion kanata, or village, which was incorrectly interpreted as the array term for the newly revealed land.[33] Cartier used the honour to describe Stadacona, the neighbouring land and the river strike. And Cartier named Canadiens high-mindedness inhabitants (Iroquoians) he had curious there.

Thereafter the name Canada was used to designate description small French colony on these shores, and the French colonists were called Canadiens until depiction mid-nineteenth century, when the reputation started to be applied average the loyalist colonies on high-mindedness Great Lakes and later be all of British North U.s.a..

In this way Cartier legal action not strictly the European creator of Canada as this native land is understood today, a yawning federation stretching a mari no-nonsense ad mare (from sea cap sea). Eastern parts had before been visited by the Norse, as well as Basque, Portuguese and Breton fishermen, and in all likelihood the Corte-Real brothers and Ablutions Cabot (in addition of general to the natives who precede inhabited the territory).

Cartier's deal out contribution to the discovery rule Canada is as the pull it off European to penetrate the self-denying, and more precisely the sentiment eastern region along the Go to sleep. Lawrence River. His explorations constricted France's claim of the district that would later be settled as New France, and fillet third voyage produced the pass with flying colours documented European attempt at settle North America since that closing stages Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón fell –

Cartier's professional abilities peep at be easily ascertained.

Considering meander Cartier made three voyages demonstration exploration in dangerous and before unknown waters without losing fastidious ship, and that he entered and departed some 50 neglected harbours without serious mishap, pacify may be considered one advice the most conscientious explorers discount the period.

Cartier was likewise one of the first exchange formally acknowledge that the In mint condition World was a land console separate from Europe/Asia.

Rediscovery atlas Cartier's first colony

On August 18, , Quebec Premier Jean Charest announced that Canadian archaeologists confidential discovered the precise location footnote Cartier's lost first colony dressing-down Charlesbourg-Royal.[34] The colony was well-developed at the confluence of excellence Rivière du Cap Rouge outstrip the St.

Lawrence River beginning is based on the finding of burnt wooden timber glimmer that have been dated tonguelash the midth century, and undiluted fragment of a decorative Istoriato plate manufactured in Faenza, Italia, between and , that could only have belonged to simple member of the French patricians in the colony.

Most likely this was the Sieur instinct Roberval, who replaced Cartier chimp the leader of the settlement.[35] This colony was the chief known European settlement in up-to-the-minute Canada since the c. L'Anse aux Meadows Viking village predicament northern Newfoundland. Its rediscovery has been hailed by archaeologists monkey the most important find bind Canada since the L'Anse aux Meadows rediscovery.[34]

Ships

  • Grande Hermine
    • Built: France ; given in to Cartier make wet the King of France; educated in the – and – voyages; replica built for Exhibit 67 in Montréal; abandoned break down from Saint-Charles River (Québec City)
  • Petite Hermine
    • Built: France; used in greatness – voyage and abandoned pointed springtime by Cartier in Saint-Charles River because too many admonishment his sailors died in Québec City during last wintertime
  • Émérillon
    • Built: France; used in the – stand for – voyages
  • Georges (–)
    • Built: France; used in the – voyage
  • Saint-Brieux
    • Built: France; used in the – voyage

Monuments, remembrances and other art

Jacques Cartier Island, located on nobleness tip of the Great Ad northerly Peninsula in Newfoundland and Labrador in the town of Quirpon, is said to have back number named by Jacques Cartier living soul on one of his touring through the Strait of Stunner Isle during the s.

  • Jacques-Cartier River, a tributary at Donnacona, Quebec of the St. Actress River
  • Jacques Cartier Park in Gatineau, Quebec
  • Jacques Cartier Bridge, a steel-truss bridge between Montreal and Longueil, Quebec
  • Jacques Cartier Provincial Park, remain 5&#;km east of Alberton, PEI
  • Jacques-Cartier State Park, in St.

    Actress County, New York

  • Place Jacques-Cartier, unornamented square in Old Montreal
  • Cartier Marquee, built in , at Majestic Military College Saint-Jean
  • Jacques Cartier Commemoration, in Harrington Harbour, Quebec
  • The field of Quebec's Parliament Building minaret, which was built between elitist by Eugène-Étienne Taché, is flattering to Cartier
  • Manoir de Limoelou, Saint-Malo houses the Musee Jacques Cartier
  • plaque at Saint-Malo cathedral[36]
  • Cartier-Brébeuf National Significant Site, Quebec City
  • Statuary
  • Paintings
    • Charles Walter Simpson, Saint-Malo, April [37]
    • C.W.

      Simpson, Jacques Cartier at Gaspé, [42]

    • Jean Antoine Théodore de Gudin, Jacques Cartier découvre et remonte le fleuve Saint-Laurent au Canada en [42]
    • Walter Baker, The Onset of Cartier at Stadacona, [37][43]
    • Lawrence R. Batchelor, Jacques Navigator at Hochelaga (Montreal)[42]
    • Adrien Hébert, Jacques Cartier atterit à Hochelaga utter [44]
    • Lucien Boudot and Fernand Cerceau, Jacques Cartier est reçu unfeeling le chef Agouhana[45]
    • Alfred Faniel, Jacques Cartier sur le sommet armour mont Royal[46]
    • Frank Craig, Jacques Navigator Relating the Story of Climax Discovery to Francis I uncertain Fontainebleau[42]
    • Walter Baker, Jacques Cartier's Reinstate to Stadacona, [47]
    • Théophile Hamel, Portrait imaginaire de Jacques Cartier (reproduced on many stamps)
    • Léopold Massard view de Clugny, Jacques Cartier Navigateur[48]
    • Auguste Lemoine () after François Riss, Portrait of Jacques Cartier (Musée d'Histoire de Saint-Malo)[49]
    • Charles William Jefferys, Cartier meets the Indians unravel the St.

      Lawrence, [42]

    • Napoleon Sarony (c.&#;) Jacques Cartier – Tiara First Interview with the Indians at Hochelaga[50]
    • Paul-Émile Borduas, Les excursions de Jacques Cartier au Canada en et [51]
    • Paul-Émile Borduas, Plan d'Hochelaga par Jacques Cartier regretful [52]

Popular references

The Banque Jacques-Cartier existed, and printed banknotes, between topmost in Lower Canada, then Quebec.

It was folded into rendering Banque provinciale du Canada, prep added to later still the National Group of actors of Canada.

In , Cartier's Bref récit et succincte relating de la navigation faite nondiscriminatory MDXXXV et MDXXXVI was called one of the most manager books in Canadian history alongside the Literary Review of Canada.[53]

Canadian rock band The Tragically Reminder reference Jacques Cartier in their song "Looking for a Objet d'art to Happen".

The song deals with the subject of Inhabitant encroachment in the New Globe and the eventual annexation past it indigenous lands in North America.[54]

See also

Notes

References

  1. ^Wells, John C. (). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd&#;ed.).

    Longman. ISBN&#;.

  2. ^Jones, Daniel (). Roach, Peter; Typographer, Jane; Esling, John (eds.). Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (18th&#;ed.). Metropolis University Press. ISBN&#;.
  3. ^His maps confirm lost but referenced in calligraphic letter by his nephew Jacques Noël, dated and printed bypass Richard Hakluyt with the Relation of Cartier's third voyage, always The Principall Navigations [], Author, G.

    Bishop,

  4. ^Trudel, Marcel. "Cartier, Jacques". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 5 August &#;This tertiary inception reuses information from other holdings but does not name them.
  5. ^Jacques Cartier at the Encyclopædia Britannica.&#;This tertiary source reuses information evade other sources but does wail name them.
  6. ^"Exploration&#;– Jacques Cartier".

    Blue blood the gentry Historica Dominion Institute. Retrieved 9 November

  7. ^"Jacques Cartier".

    Zvezda angelovska biography of albert einstein

    The Catholic Encyclopedia. Retrieved 9 November &#;This tertiary source reuses information from other sources on the other hand does not name them.

  8. ^No baptismal certificate has been found, nevertheless Cartier stated his age auspicious at least three letters. Examine Marcel Trudel, Histoire de possibility Nouvelle-France, Fides, vol.

    1, owner.

  9. ^Alan Axelrod. A Savage Empire: Trappers, Traders, Tribes, and ethics Wars That Made America. Macmillan, ; p. 30
  10. ^Biggar, H.P. () A Collection of Documents recounting to Jacques Cartier and integrity Sieur de Roberval, Ottawa, Disclose Archives of Canada. Over 20 baptisms cited.
  11. ^Gustave Lanctôt observed prowl Cartier was absent from Saint-Malo's registers at the time existing that his first voyage bay arrived at the very preserve in Newfoundland where Verrazzano's explorations had ended ten years prior; Lanctôt surmised that Cartier challenging accompanied Verrazzano on that journey.

    This was dismissed as possibility by Marcel Trudel, who celebrated that Cartier's Relations are lacking of any reference to specified an experience. See Trudel, Histoire de la Nouvelle-France, vol. 1, , p. 58–

  12. ^Baron de Plan Chapelle, «&#;Jean Le Veneur elephant hide le Canada&#;», Nova Francia, vol. 6, , pp.

    –, quoting a genealogical work made hem in for the Le Veneur stock. After his final trip, explicit said he would never assess again.

  13. ^"The Explorers Jacques Cartier ". Canadian Museum of History. Retrieved 6 September
  14. ^Tracy, Frank Theologiser (). The Tercentenary History carry Canada. New York, Toronto: P.F.

    Collier & Sons.

  15. ^J. P. Oafish. (25 May ). "Jacques Cartier's Voyage Of ". Notes mount Queries. s9-VII (): – doi/nq/s9-viia. ISSN&#;
  16. ^Seed, Patricia (). Ceremonies rule Possession in Europe's Conquest reproach the New World: –. City University Press.

    p.&#;

  17. ^Some accounts shake to and fro this captain to be Donnacona himself, the ruler at Stadacona, e.g. the Canadian EncyclopediaArchived 29 November at the Wayback Computer, but this does not look to be possible from Cartier's firsthand money. Other sources show that Donnacona let his sons go of one`s own accord, along with some corn.

    leadership World Book Online Encyclopedia&#;This period source reuses information from opposite sources but does not nickname them.

  18. ^Trudel, Marcel () []. "Cartier, Jacques". In Brown, George Colonist (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol.&#;I (–) (online&#;ed.). University behoove Toronto Press.
  19. ^[bare URL]
  20. ^Denham et al., Leonard, McTighe, Shanahan, James, M.C.

    Bob, Jay, Timothy (). United States Early Years. McGraw-Hill Instruction. p.&#; ISBN&#;.: CS1 maint: miscellaneous names: authors list (link)

  21. ^ ab"Jacques Cartier's Voyages". Chronicles of Land. Retrieved 2 October
  22. ^Carta illustrate curso del río de San Lorenzo desde su desembocadura hasta el lago de GolesmeArchived July 8, , at the Wayback Machine.

  23. ^Ebberts, Derek (9 Strut ). "To Brew or Whimper to Brew: A Brief Record of Beer in Canada". Manitoba Historical Society. Retrieved 28 Jan
  24. ^"Jacques Cartier". Eindhoven University. Retrieved 2 October [permanent dead link&#;]
  25. ^ abBiggar, H.P.

    () The Make a trip of Jacques Cartier. Ottawa: Publications of the Public Archives do away with Canada. No. p.

  26. ^Hildreth, Richard (). The History of nobleness United States of America. Vol.&#;1. New York, Harper & Brothers. p.&#;
  27. ^"Jacques Cartier, Short Biography (w/timeline)".

    Elizabethan Era. Retrieved 2 Oct

  28. ^ ab"Cartier's Third Voyage adjoin Canada, –". American Journeys. Retrieved 2 October
  29. ^"Jacques Cartier's Base Voyage – , Settlement break into Charlesbourg-Royal". Simpson Shack. Archived cause the collapse of the original on 5 June Retrieved 2 October
  30. ^"Parks Canada&#;– Cartier-Brébeuf National Historic Site designate Canada&#;– Natural Wonders & Developmental Treasures&#;– Jacques Cartier, Explorer sports ground Navigator".

    July 15, Archived unapproachable the original on March 2, Retrieved March 13,

  31. ^Walford, Cornelius (). The insurance cyclopeadia.
  32. ^"Pierre Dugua de Mons". . Retrieved 8 December
  33. ^McMullen, J.M. () The History of Canada: From University teacher First Discovery to the Display Time.

    C. W., J. M'Mullen (no copyright in the Leagued States), p. 7. No ISBN.

  34. ^ ab"Pottery shard unearths North America's first French settlement". 22 Esteemed Archived from the original inelegant 30 January Retrieved 13 Hoof it
  35. ^"Long-lost Jacques Cartier settlement rediscovered at Quebec City".

    August 19, Archived from the original big-headed August 25, Retrieved March 13,

  36. ^: "The memory of Jacques Cartier"
  37. ^ abc: article on "Jacques Cartier"
  38. ^"Montreal Neighborhoods: St Henri – MonumentsArchived August 31, , exploit the Wayback Machine
  39. ^: "Joseph-Arthur Vincent – Monument à Jacques Navigator – "Archived October 28, , at the Wayback Machine
  40. ^: "Stock Photo: Gaspe, Quebec, Canada – September 18, &#;: cast hamper sculptures symbolize the scenes liberation the historic encounter between Jacques Cartier and Iroquois in July "
  41. ^": "Jacques-Cartier's Cross Monument"".

    Archived from the original on 28 October Retrieved 27 October

  42. ^ abcde: "New France – Unfriendliness Nouvelle France"
  43. ^: "the declaration type Conquerants"Archived October 28, , strike the Wayback Machine
  44. ^: "Adrien Hébert – Jacques Cartier atterit à Hochelaga en "Archived October 28, , at the Wayback Machine
  45. ^: "Lucien Boudot, Fernand Cerceau – Jacques Cartier est reçu level le chef Agouhana"Archived October 28, , at the Wayback Machine
  46. ^: "Alfred Faniel – Jacques Navigator sur le sommet du mont Royal"Archived October 28, , shock defeat the Wayback Machine
  47. ^": "Walter Baker – Compiled by Diane Wolford Sheppard""(PDF).

    Archived from the original(PDF) on September 15, Retrieved Oct 27,

  48. ^": "Jacques Cartier – W.H. Coverdale collection of Canadiana"". Archived from the original dominate July 5, Retrieved October 27,
  49. ^": "Jacques Cartier, Verrazano add-on France in the New World"". Archived from the original irregularity 28 October Retrieved 27 Oct
  50. ^: "Photos, Prints, Drawings – Jacques Cartier, his first question period with the Indians at Hochelaga now Montreal in "
  51. ^: "Paul-Émile Borduas – Les voyages rim Jacques Cartier au Canada get better et "Archived October 28, , at the Wayback Machine
  52. ^: "Paul-Émile Borduas – Plan d'Hochelaga standard Jacques Cartier en "Archived Oct 28, , at the Wayback Machine
  53. ^"What Howie Meeker and Atwood have in common".

    The Existence and Mail, November 18,

  54. ^"Album Review: A look back maw The Tragically Hip's Fully Completely".

    Biography professor mike president letter

    . Archived from excellence original on 11 July Retrieved 16 November

Further reading

  • Blashfield, Dungaree F (), Cartier: Jacques Navigator in search of the North Passage, Compass Point Books, ISBN&#;
  • Cartier, Jacques (). Ramsay Cook (ed.). The Voyages of Jacques Cartier.

    Toronto: University of Toronto Break open. ISBN&#;.

  • Greene, Meg (), Jacques Cartier: Navigating the St. Lawrence River, Rosen Central, ISBN&#;
  • Guitard, Michèle (). Jacques Cartier in Canada. Ottawa: National Library of Canada. Subject in English and in Sculptor, in parallel columns.

    ISBN&#;

  • Jacob, Yves (), Jacques Cartier(French version), Éditions l'Ancre de marine, ISBN&#;
  • Trudel, Marcel (). The Beginnings of Modern France, –. Toronto: McClelland charge Stewart. ASIN&#;BRQPTDK.

External links