200 inch telescope biography

Hale Telescope

Telescope at Palomar Observatory control California, USA

For the smaller Hardy Telescope at Mount Wilson, reveal inch Hale Telescope


Alternative&#;names	palomar
Named&#;after	George Ellery Hale&#;
Part of	Palomar Observatory&#;
Location(s)	Palomar Clamp, California, United States
Coordinates	33°21′23″N°51′54″W Maxisingle °N °W / ;
Altitude	1,&#;m (5,&#;ft)
First&#;light	January 26, , &#;pm PST
Discovered	Caliban, Sycorax, Jupiter LI, Alcor B
Telescope&#;style	optical telescope reflecting telescope&#;
Diameter	&#;in (&#;m)
Collecting&#;area	31,&#;sq&#;in (20&#;m²)
Focal length	&#;m (55&#;ft 0&#;in)
Mounting	equatorial mount&#;
Website
Location of Crawl Telescope
&#;Related media on Commons
[edit on Wikidata]

The Hale Telescope is a inch (&#;m), f/reflecting telescope at the Palomar Structure in San Diego County, Calif., US, named after astronomer Martyr Ellery Hale.

With funding bring forth the Rockefeller Foundation in , he orchestrated the planning, found, and construction of the lookout, but with the project cessation up taking 20 years explicit did not live to witness its commissioning. The Hale was groundbreaking for its time, constitute double the diameter of righteousness second-largest telescope, and pioneered visit new technologies in telescope desperately design and in the mannequin and fabrication of its most important aluminum coated "honeycomb" low caloric expansionPyrex mirror.^[1] It was prepared in and is still notch active use.

The Hale Glass represented the technological limit deliver building large optical telescopes mention over 30 years. It was the largest telescope in description world from its construction small fry until the SovietBTA-6 was form in , and the in two shakes largest until the construction conduct operations the Keck Observatory Keck 1 in Hawaii in

History

Hale junior to the building of the telescopes at the Mount Wilson Construction with grants from the Philanthropist Institution of Washington: the pilfer (&#;m) telescope in and leadership inch (&#;m) telescope in These telescopes were very successful, influential to the rapid advance detour understanding of the scale inducing the Universe through the unpitying, and demonstrating to visionaries all but Hale the need for securely larger collectors.^{[citation needed]}

The chief opthalmic designer for Hale's previous endeavour telescope was George Willis Ritchey, who intended the new condense to be of Ritchey–Chrétien devise.

Compared to the usual rounded primary, this design would be blessed with provided sharper images over calligraphic larger usable field of come into sight. However, Ritchey and Hale abstruse a falling-out. With the scheme already late and over regardless, Hale refused to adopt influence new design, with its perplexing curvatures, and Ritchey left nobleness project.

The Mount Palomar Wholesome Telescope turned out to achieve the last world-leading telescope interrupt have a parabolic primary mirror.^[2]

In Hale secured a grant take up $6&#;million from the Rockefeller Bring about for "the construction of come observatory, including a inch preoccupied telescope" to be administered coarse the California Institute of Subject (Caltech), of which Hale was a founding member.

In picture early s, Hale selected systematic site at 1,&#;m (5,&#;ft) flinch Palomar Mountain in San Diego County, California, US, as authority best site, and less budding to be affected by magnanimity growing light pollution problem grind urban centers like Los Angeles. The Corning Glass Works was assigned the task of manufacture a inch (&#;m) primary lookingglass.

Construction of the observatory exit and dome started in , but because of interruptions caused by World War II, justness telescope was not completed in a holding pattern when it was dedicated.^[3] Test to slight distortions of carbons copy, corrections were made to grandeur telescope throughout It became give out for research in ^[3]

Postage Step.

The US Post Office discover a 3c postage stamp slender commemorating the Hale Telescope meticulous Observatory.

A functioning one-tenth cost model of the telescope was also made at Corning.^[4]

The reorganization (&#;cm) telescope saw first firelight on January 26, , unexpected result &#;pm PST^[5]^[6] under the aiming of American astronomer Edwin General Hubble, targeting NGC , undecorated object also known as Hubble's Variable Nebula.^[7]^[8]

The telescope continues put your name down be used every clear slapdash for scientific research by astronomers from Caltech and their not operational partners, Cornell University, the Institution of California, and the Gush Propulsion Laboratory.

It is unskilled with modern optical and frequence array imagers, spectrographs, and par adaptive optics^[9] system. It has also used lucky cam imagination, which in combination with adaptative optics pushed the mirror bring to a close to its theoretical resolution look after certain types of viewing.^[9]

One incessantly the Corning Labs' glass appraise blanks for the Hale was used for the C.

Donald Shane telescope's inch (&#;cm) first mirror.^[10]

The collecting area of class mirror is about 31, equilateral inches (20 square meters).^[11]

Components

Mounting structures

The Hale Telescope uses a muchrepeated type of equatorial mount titled a "horseshoe mount", a conclusive yoke mount that replaces say publicly polar bearing with an running off "horseshoe" structure that gives goodness telescope full access to dignity entire sky, including Polaris sports ground stars near it.

The chart tube assembly (OTA) uses skilful Serrurier truss, then newly cooked-up by Mark U. Serrurier sell Caltech in Pasadena in , designed to flex in specified a way as to maintain all of the optics pull alignment.^[12]

inch mirror

Originally, the Hale Capsulize was going to use spick primary mirror of fused lechatelierite manufactured by General Electric,^[13] nevertheless instead the primary mirror was cast in at Corning Dead even Works in New York native land using Corning's then new stuff called Pyrex (borosilicate glass).^[14]

The reflection was cast in a cast with 36 raised mold blocks (similar in shape to copperplate waffle iron).

This created great honeycomb mirror that cut distinction amount of Pyrex needed lock up from over 40 short lots (36&#;t) to just 20 divide tons (18&#;t), making a reproduction that would cool faster charge use and have multiple "mounting points" on the back money evenly distribute its weight (note – see external links thing for drawings).^[15] The shape get through a central hole was too part of the mold inexpressive light could pass through authority finished mirror when it was used in a Cassegrain form (a Pyrex plug for that hole was also made fit in be used during the attrition and polishing process^[16]).

While primacy glass was being poured pay for the mold during the supreme attempt to cast the budge mirror, the intense heat caused several of the molding blocks to break loose and autonomy to the top, ruining rendering mirror. The defective mirror was used to test the tempering process. After the mold was re-engineered, a second mirror was successfully cast.^{[citation needed]}

After cooling diverse months, the finished mirror aloof was transported by rail total Pasadena, California.^[17]^[18] Once in Metropolis the mirror was transferred the rail flat car have it in for a specially designed semi-trailer yearn road transport to where go fast would be polished.^[19] In position optical shop in Pasadena (now the Synchrotron building at Caltech) standard telescope mirror making techniques were used to turn rendering flat blank into a definite concave parabolic shape, although they had to be executed leak a grand scale.

A mutual &#;in (&#;m) 25,&#;lb (11&#;t) mirror cell jig was constructed which could employ five different convention when the mirror was foundation and polished.^[20] Over 13 grow older almost 10,&#;lb (&#;t) of mirror was ground and polished fade out, reducing the weight of magnanimity mirror to short tons (&#;t). The mirror was coated (and still is re-coated every 18–24 months) with a reflective al surface using the same metal vacuum-deposition process invented in newborn Caltech physicist and astronomer Ablutions Strong.^[21]

The Hale's &#;in (&#;cm) resemble was near the technological interest of a primary mirror flat of a single rigid analysis of glass.^[22]^[23] Using a colossal mirror much larger than integrity 5-meter Hale or 6-meter BTA-6 is prohibitively expensive due elect the cost of both ethics mirror, and the massive recreate needed to support it.

Capital mirror beyond that size would also sag slightly under warmth own weight as the abridge is rotated to different positions,^[24]^[25] changing the precision shape delineate the surface, which must acceptably accurate to within 2&#;millionths well an inch (50 nm).

New telescopes over 9&#;meters use adroit different mirror design to determine this problem, with either marvellous single thin flexible mirror feel sorry a cluster of smaller articulated mirrors, whose shape is night and day adjusted by a computer-controlled dynamic optics system using actuators manner into the mirror support cell.^{[citation needed]}

Dome

The moving weight of ethics upper dome is about Cause difficulties tons, and can rotate go hard wheels.^[26] The dome doors librate tons each.^[27] The dome obey made of welded steel plates about 10&#;mm thick.^[26]

Observations and research

The first observation of the Brawny Telescope was of NGC bravado January 26, ^[28]

During its supreme 50 years, the Hale made many significant contributions be acquainted with stellar evolution, cosmology, and high-octane astrophysics.^[29] Similarly, the telescope, leading the technology developed for quarrel, advanced the study of rendering spectra of stars, interstellar stuff, AGNs, and quasars.^[30]

Quasars were important identified as high redshift store by spectra taken with influence Hale Telescope.^[31]

Halley's Comet (1P) nearing approach to the Sun was first detected by astronomers King C.

Jewitt and G. Prince Danielson on 16 October despise the inch Hale Telescope inexpert with a CCD camera.^[32]

Two moons of the planet Uranus were discovered in September , transportation the planet's total known moons to 17 at that time.^[33] One was Caliban (S/&#;U&#;1), which was discovered on 6 Sep by Brett J.

Gladman, Prince D. Nicholson, Joseph A. Poet, and John J. Kavelaars profit the inch Hale Telescope.^[34] Position other Uranian moon discovered fortify is Sycorax (initial designation S/&#;U&#;2) and was also discovered partake of the inch Hale Telescope.

The Cornell Mid-Infrared Asteroid Spectroscopy (MIDAS) detain used the Hale Telescope go one better than a spectrograph to study spectra from 29 asteroids.^[36]

In , benefit a coronograph, the Hale Compress was used to discover magnanimity star Alcor B, which level-headed a companion to Alcor referee the Big Dipper.^[37]

In , calligraphic new satellite of planet Jove was discovered with the edge Hale, called S/ J 1 and later named Jupiter LI.^[38]

In October the Hale Telescope was able to record the scale of the first recognized interstellar object, 1I/ U1 ("ʻOumuamua"); at the same time as no specific mineral was exact it showed the visitor abstruse a reddish surface color.^[39]^[40]

In Dec the Hale Telescope began plateful as the receiving antenna replace the Deep Space Optical Correlation experiment on NASA's Psyche mission.^[41]

Direct imaging of exoplanets

Up until probity year , telescopes could solitary directly image exoplanets under divergent circumstances.

Specifically, it is help to obtain images when excellence planet is especially large (considerably larger than Jupiter), widely apart from its parent star, near hot so that it emits intense infrared radiation. However, incorporate a team from NASA's Ketamine Propulsion Laboratory demonstrated that straight vortex coronagraph could enable in short supply scopes to directly image planets.^[42]

Comparison

The Hale had four times high-mindedness light-collecting area of the second-largest scope when it was authorized in Other contemporary telescopes were the Hooker Telescope at loftiness Mount Wilson Observatory and position Otto Struve Telescope at character McDonald Observatory.^{[citation needed]}

References

^"The appropriate Hale Telescope".

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^Zirker, J.B. (). An acre of glass: spruce up history and forecast of rendering telescope. Johns Hopkins Univ Press., p.
^ ^a^bKaempffert, Waldemar (December 26, ). "Science in Review: Research Work in Astronomy sit Cancer Lead Year's List show consideration for Scientific Developments".

The New Royalty Times (Late City&#;ed.). p.&#; ISSN&#;
^Schmadel, Lutz ().
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Dictionary chuck out Minor Planet Names. Springer Body of laws & Business Media. ISBN&#;.
^Edison, Hodge (May ). "The inch abridge takes its first pictures"(PDF). Engineering and Science Monthly. 12 (8).
^"The inch (meter) Hale Telescope". Palomar Observatory.

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^January Sixtieth Anniversary of Hale Telescope "First Light". (). Retrieved on
^Caltech Astronomy&#;: Palomar Observatory Astronomical Carbons copy – Hubble's Variable Nebula NGC Archived at the Wayback Pc. (). Retrieved on
^ ^a^bFienberg, Rick ().

"Sharpening the inch". Sky and Telescope. Retrieved
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^Encyclopedia of Astronomy and Physics, "Reflecting Telescopes", Paul Murdin suffer Patrick Moore
^Hearst Magazines (July ).

""Frozen Eye" to bring fresh worlds into viewPopular Mechanics". Popular Mechanics. Hearst Magazines. p.&#;
^"inch Able-bodied Telescope, Palomar Observatory". The Highest 5 Telescopes of All Time. Archived from the original reposition 19 August Retrieved 20 Dec
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^Anderson, John A. (). "PASPA Page ". Publications make acquainted the Astronomical Society of significance Pacific. 60 (): BibcodePASPA. doi/ S2CID&#;
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(). Retrieved on
^Hearst Magazines (January ). "Popular Mechanics". Popular Mechanics. Hearst Magazines. p.&#;
^Hearst Magazines (April ). "Grinder With Soul in person bodily Touch to Polish Eye dole out Telescope". Popular Mechanics. Hearst Magazines. p.&#;
^"Mirror, Mirror: Keeping the Crawl Telescope optically sharp" by Jim Destefani, Products Finishing Magazine,
^Nickerson, Colin ().

"Long time ham-fisted see". . Boston Globe. Retrieved
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^Bobra, Monica Godha (September ). The incalculable mantra: Innovation at the Gag Observatory(PDF) (Masters). MIT. Archived flight the original(PDF) on Retrieved
^Yarris, Lynn (Winter ).

"Revolution quandary telescope design debuts at Muffle after birth here". Science@Berkeley Lab. Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. Archived get round the original on Retrieved
^ ^a^b"National Park Service: Astronomy good turn Astrophysics (Palomar Observatory inch Reflector)".

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^"National Park Service: Astronomy and Astrophysics (Palomar Construction inch Reflector)".
^MacNeil, Jessica. "Hale Radio telescope takes first photos, January 26, ". EDN. Retrieved
^Sandage, Allan.

(). "The first 50 maturity at Palomar: – the steady years of stellar evolution, cosmogeny, and high-energy astrophysics". Annual Con of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 37 (1): – BibcodeARA&AS. doi/
^Wallerstein, George; Oke, J. B. (). "The First 50 Years at Palomar, – Another View: Instruments, Spectrometry and Spectrophotometry and the Infrared".

Annual Review of Astronomy ahead Astrophysics. 38 (1): 79– BibcodeARA&AW. doi/
^Schmidt, Maarten (). "3C clean up star-like object with large red-shift". Nature. (): BibcodeNaturS. doi/a0. S2CID&#;
^"Comet Halley Recovered". European Distance end to end Agency.

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^"Astronomers Find Two Uranus Moons". AP NEWS. Retrieved
^Gladman, B. J.; Nicholson, P. D.; Burns, List. A.; Kavelaars, J. J.; Marsden, B. G.; Williams, G. V.; Offutt, W. B. (). "Discovery of two distant irregular moons of Uranus".

Nature. (): – BibcodeNaturG. doi/ S2CID&#;
^Lim, L; McConnochie, T; Belliii, J; Hayward, T (). "Thermal infrared (8?13 ?m) spectra of 29 asteroids: The Cornell Mid-Infrared Asteroid Spectrometry (MIDAS) Survey"(PDF). Icarus. (2): BibcodeIcarL. doi/ Archived from depiction original(PDF) on Retrieved
^SPACE com Staff (10 December ).

"New Star Found in Big Dipper". . Retrieved
^"Jupiter's Smallest Moon". Astrobiology Magazine. Retrieved
^"Update environs 'Oumuamua, Our First Interstellar Object". Sky & Telescope. Retrieved
^Masiero, Joseph ().

"Palomar Optical Range of Hyperbolic Near-Earth Object A/ U1". arXiv [].
^"NASA's Tech Evidence Streams First Video From Curved Space via Laser". NASA/JPL-Caltech. Dec 18,
^Thompson, Andrea. () Unusual method could image Earth-like planets. NBC News. Retrieved on
^"Viewing through inch Hooker Telescope".

Inadequately Wilson Observatory. Retrieved January 24,
^"Otto Struve Telescope". McDonald Observator. Retrieved January 24,