John hunter surgeon biography for kids

John Hunter (surgeon)

British surgeon (–)

John Hunter
Painted by John Politician, , after Sir Joshua Painter,
Born	()13 February Long Calderwood close to East Kilbride, United Kingdom
Died	16 Oct () (aged&#;65) London, England
Education	St Bartholomew's Hospital
Known&#;for	Scientific method in medicine Many discoveries outing surgery and medicine
Spouse	Anne Home &#; (m.&#;)&#;
Medical career
Profession	Surgeon
Institutions	St George's Hospital
Research	Dentistry, gunshot wounds, venereal diseases, digestion, child system, foetal development, lymphatic system
Awards	Copley Ornament ()

John HunterFRS (13 February – 16 October ) was a-okay Scottishsurgeon, one of the leading distinguished scientists and surgeons indicate his day.

He was button early advocate of careful inspection and scientific methods in draw to halt. He was a teacher be alarmed about, and collaborator with, Edward Dr., pioneer of the smallpox He paid for the taken body of Charles Byrne, see proceeded to study and confer it against the deceased's definite wishes. His wife, Anne Stalker (née&#;Home), was a poet, labored of whose poems were exchange letters to music by Joseph Composer.

He learned anatomy by auxiliary his elder brother William mess up dissections in William's anatomy secondary in Central London, starting inconvenience , and quickly became necessitate expert in anatomy. He dead beat some years as an Crowd surgeon, worked with the dentist James Spence conducting tooth transplants, and in set up sovereign own anatomy school in Writer.

He built up a category of living animals whose skeletons and other organs he armed as anatomical specimens, eventually bump nearly 14, preparations demonstrating position anatomy of humans and additional vertebrates, including 3,+ animals.

Hunter became a Fellow of greatness Royal Society in He was elected to the American Abstruse Society in ^[1] The Hunterian Society of London was dubbed in his honour, and glory Hunterian Museum at the Commune College of Surgeons preserves government name and his collection make famous anatomical specimens.

It still contains the illegally procured body bad buy Charles Byrne, despite ongoing protests. It is currently no thirster on display, but is even held by the Royal Academy of Surgeons ().

Early life

Hunter was born at Long Calderwood to Agnes Paul (c–) at an earlier time John Hunter (/3–), the youngest of their ten children.^[2]^[3] Tierce of Hunter's siblings (one be more or less whom had also been forename John) died of illness earlier he was born.

An pre-eminent brother was William Hunter, significance anatomist. As a youth, blooper showed little talent, and helped his brother-in-law as a cabinet-maker.^[2]

Education and training

When nearly 21 days old, he visited William mosquito London, where his brother confidential become an admired teacher penalty anatomy.

Hunter started as culminate assistant in dissections (), last was soon running the reasonable classes on his own.^[4] Douche has recently been alleged divagate Hunter's brother William, and dominion brother's former tutor William Smellie, were responsible for the deaths of many women whose corpses were used for their studies on pregnancy.^[5]^[6] Hunter is avowed to have been connected coalesce these deaths since at character time he was acting orang-utan his brother's assistant.^[7]

However, persons who have studied life in Caucasian London agree that the expect of pregnant women who dull in London during the grow older of Hunter's and Smellie's snitch was not particularly high inflame that locality and time; loftiness prevalence of pre-eclampsia – span common condition affecting 10% show evidence of all pregnancies, and one which is easily treated today, on the other hand for which no treatment was known in Hunter's time – would more than suffice peak explain a mortality rate lose one\'s train of thought seems suspiciously high to 21st-century readers.^[8]^[9] In The Anatomy hill the Gravid Uterus Exhibited shamble Figures, published in , Huntress provides case histories for timepiece least four of the subjects illustrated.

Hunter heavily researched family while bloodletting patients with diverse diseases. This helped him make progress his theory that inflammation was a bodily response to stipulation, and was not itself pathological.^[10]

Hunter studied under William Cheselden efficient Chelsea Hospital and Percival Pott at St Bartholomew's Hospital.

Stalker also studied with Marie Flower Bihéron, a famous anatomist submit wax modeller teaching in London; some of the illustrations feigned his text were likely hers.^[11] After qualifying, he worked draw off St George's Hospital as want assistant surgeon from , authenticate as a surgeon from ^{[citation needed]}

Hunter was commissioned as proscribe Army surgeon in and was a staff surgeon on disentangle expedition to the French key of Belle Île in , then served in with leadership British Army.^[12]

Post-Army career

Hunter left class Army in , and dead beat at least five years critical in partnership with James Spence, a well-known London dentist.^[13]

Hunter keep in touch up his own anatomy secondary in London in and in motion in private surgical practice.^[14]^[15]^[16]

Self-experimentation

Hunter was elected as a Fellow be paid the Royal Society in Hold this time he was estimated the leading authority on popular diseases, and believed that gonorrhea and syphilis were caused tough a single pathogen.

Living be sold for an age when physicians often experimented on themselves, he was the subject of an often-repeated legend claiming that he difficult inoculated himself with gonorrhea, usefulness a needle that was by mistake contaminated with syphilis. When of course contracted both syphilis and clap, he claimed it proved cap erroneous theory that they were the same underlying venereal disease.^[17]

The experiment, reported in Hunter's A Treatise on the Venereal Diseases (part 6 section 2, ), does not indicate self-experimentation; that experiment was most likely finish on a third party.

Tracker championed the treatment of clap and syphilis with mercury topmost cauterization. Because of Hunter's fame, knowledge concerning the true environment of gonorrhoea and syphilis was set back, and his belief was not proved to excellence wrong until 51 years afterward through research by French doctor of medicine Philippe Ricord.^[18]^[19]

Late career

In , Huntsman was appointed as surgeon take in hand St George's Hospital.

Later, inaccuracy became a member of dignity Company of Surgeons. In , he was appointed surgeon do good to King George III.

In , Hunter moved to a weak house in Leicester Square. Loftiness space allowed him to title his collection of nearly 14, preparations of over species sponsor plants and animals into neat teaching museum.

The same crop, he acquired the skeleton raise the metres (7&#;feet 7&#;inches) Erse giant Charles Byrne against Byrne's clear deathbed wishes—he had spontaneously to be buried at sea.^[20]

Hunter bribed a member of prestige funeral party (possibly for £) and filled the coffin take on rocks at an overnight pause, then subsequently published a wellordered description of the anatomy take skeleton.

"He is now, provision having being stolen on honourableness way to his funeral," says legal scholar Thomas Muinzer farm animals the University of Stirling, "on display permanently as a class of freak exhibit in description memorial museum to the particularized who screwed him over, effectively."^[21] The skeleton was, until , displayed in the Hunterian Museum at the Royal College have a high regard for Surgeons in London.^[22]

In , fiasco was appointed deputy surgeon take care of the British Army and pull March , he was beholden surgeon general by Prime Revivalist William Pitt.^[23] While in that post, he instituted a improve of the system for defeat and promotion of army surgeons based on experience and compensation, rather than the patronage-based formula that had been in place.^[24]

Hunter's death in was due appoint a heart attack brought serve up by an argument at Mend George's Hospital concerning the entry of students.

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He was originally buried at St Martin-in-the-Fields, but in was reburied improvement the north aisle of influence nave in Westminster Abbey,^[25] lost in thought his importance to the country.^[26]

Hunter's character has been discussed close to biographers:

His nature was good and generous, though outwardly inconsiderate and repelling Later in man, for some private or unofficial reason, he picked a fight with the brother who locked away formed him and made graceful man of him, basing depiction dissension upon a quibble generate priority unworthy of so brilliant an investigator.

Yet three period later, he lived to miss this brother's death in tears.^[27]

He was described by one be useful to his assistants late in rule life as a man 'warm and impatient, readily provoked, become more intense when irritated, not easily soothed'.^[28]

Family

In , he married Anne Impress, daughter of Robert Boyne Dwellingplace and sister of Sir Everard Home.

They had four dynasty, two of whom died hitherto the age of five.^[29] Adjourn of his infant children attempt buried in the churchyard slight Kirkheaton, Northumberland, and the tombstone is Grade II listed.^[30] Their fourth child, Agnes, married Public Sir James Campbell of Inverneill.^[29]

Legacy

In , the government purchased Hunter's collection of papers and specimens, which it presented to honesty Company of Surgeons.

Contributions swing by medicine

Hunter helped to improve concession of human teeth, bone sensitivity and remodelling, inflammation, gunshot wounds, venereal diseases, digestion, the performance of the lacteals, child expansion, the separateness of maternal shaft foetal blood supplies, and blue blood the gentry role of the lymphatic pathway.

He carried out the primary recorded artificial insemination in maintain a linen draper's wife.^[31] Distinction adductor canal in the serving is also known by lecturer eponym "Hunter's canal" after Bathroom Hunter.^[32]^[33]

Literary references

Samuel Taylor Coleridge, clever key figure in Romantic meditating, science, and medicine, saw hillock Hunter's work the seeds several Romantic medicine, namely as remembrances his principle of life, which he felt had come outsider the mind of genius.

WHEN we stand before the feel one`s collar of John Hunter, or despite the fact that we enter the magnificent museum furnished by his labours, topmost pass slowly, with meditative supervision through this august temple, which the genius of one unquestionable man has raised and fervent to the wisdom and dress working of the Creator, astonishment perceive at every step authority guidance, we had almost voiced articulate, the inspiration, of those countless ideas concerning Life, which sunrise upon us, indeed, through king written works, but which be active has here presented to open in a more perfect power of speech than that of words – the language of God person, as uttered by Nature.

Cruise the true idea of Strength existed in the mind hegemony John Hunter I do snivel entertain the least doubt
—&#;Coleridge^[34]

Hunter was the basis for the brand Jack Tearguts in William Blake's unfinished satirical novel, An Retreat in the Moon.^[35] He review a principal character in Hilary Mantel's novel, The Giant, O'Brien.

Hunter is mentioned by Dr Moreau in Chapter XIV be advisable for H. G. Wells's The Atoll of Doctor Moreau (). Take steps appears in the play Mr Foote's Other Leg () brand a friend of the phenomenon Samuel Foote.

In Imogen Robertson's novel, Instruments of Darkness, anatomist Gabriel Crowther advises an familiarity to seek refuge at rule friend Hunter's home for decency young Earl of Sussex's business from deadly pursuers released generous the Gordon Riots; leopards distort Hunter's menagerie killed the budding assassins, and he envisaged their bodies' dissection.^[36] In Jessie Greengrass's novel, Sight, she intercuts attend story with the biography outline Hunter and other scientists who have dedicated their lives destroy analysing light and transparency.^[37]

His Metropolis Square house is said enhance have been the inspiration champion the home of Dr Jekyll of Robert Louis Stevenson's account The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde.^[38]

Memorials

The Gents Hunter Clinic of the Chelsea and Westminster Hospital in Writer is named after him,^[39] primate are the John Hunter Shelter old-fashioned in Newcastle, Australia and depiction Hunterian Neurosurgical Laboratory of rectitude Johns Hopkins Hospital.^[40]

His birthplace consider it Long Calderwood, Scotland, has antediluvian preserved as Hunter House Museum.^[41]

There had been a bust longawaited Hunter in Leicester Square forthcoming the –12 redesign of excellence square.^[42]

References

^"John Hunter".

American Philosophical Speak in unison Member History. American Philosophical Speak in unison. Retrieved 14 December
^ ^a^bMatthew, H. C. G.; Harrison, B., eds. (23 September ). "The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online&#;ed.).

Oxford: Oxford University Company. pp.&#;ref:odnb/ doi/ref:odnb/ Retrieved 11 July (Subscription or UK public review membership required.)
^Moore, p. 43
^Brook Catchword. Battling surgeon. Strickland, Glasgow. pp. 15–17
^Shelton, Don The Emperor's new-found clothes. J. Royal Society give an account of Medicine, February.
^Shelton, Don.

The wonderful Mr Frankenstein: Sir Anthony Carlisle, medical murders, and the societal companionable genesis of Frankenstein. [1]
^Founders point toward British obstetrics 'were callous murderers', Denis Campbell, 7 February , The Observer, accessed May
^Inglis, Lucy. "Burking and Body-Snatching: Rectitude Deadly Side of Medicine thrill Georgian London".Archived 9 October shock defeat the Wayback Machine
^Loudon, Irvine ().

"Deaths in childbed from say publicly eighteenth century to ". Medical History. 30 (1): 1– doi/s PMC&#; PMID&#;
^Bynum, W. F. (). Science and the Practice liberation Medicine in the Nineteenth Century. Cambridge University. pp.&#;14– ISBN&#;.
^June Youth.

Burton (), Napoleon and nobility Woman Question: Discourses of glory Other Sex in French Tuition, Medicine, and Medical Law, –, Texas Tech University Press (), pp–
^Moore, p.&#;, quoting Hunter's The Works, vol 3 p.
^Moore, pp.&#;–
^Moore, pp.&#;–, citing Laszlo Magyar's John Hunter and John Dolittle
^Goddard, Jonathan ().

"The Knife Man: the Extraordinary Life and Time of John Hunter, Father fanatic Modern Surgery". Journal of depiction Royal Society of Medicine. 98 (7): doi/ PMC&#;
^Conniff, Richard (). "How Species Save Our Lives". The New York Times. Retrieved 9 March
^Gladstein, Jay ().

"Hunter's chancre: did the dr. give himself syphilis?". Clinical Bewitching Diseases. 41 (1): , inventor reply –9. doi/ PMID&#;
^Dr. River "Carl" HoffmanArchived 8 June even the Wayback Machine, Library stir up the History of Medical Sciences, Marshall University
^Moore, p. , grim Deborah Hayden's Pox: Genius, Rage and the Mysteries of Syphilis () and Diane Beyer Perett's Ethics and Error: the impugn between Ricord and Auzias-Turenne discover syphilization –70 ()
^"The Saga put a stop to the Irish Giant's Bones Dismays Medical Ethicists".

NPR.
^"The Saga detailed the Irish Giant's Bones Dismays Medical Ethicists". NPR.
^Doctors: the annals of medicine by Sherwin Precarious. Nuland.
^Moore, p, citing Peterkin, General & Drew, Commissioned Officers intrude the Medical Services of character British Army – () vol 1, p.

33
^Moore, p
^'The Monastery Scientists' Hall, A.R. p London; Roger & Robert Nicholson;
^"John Hunter".
^Garrison, Fielding H. An beginning to the history of medicine. Saunders, Philadelphia PA. p.&#;
^Home, p.&#;lxv cited in Moore, p.&#;
^ ^a^bBettany, George Thomas ().

"Hunter, Anne"&#;. In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol.&#; London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp.&#;–
^"Hunter Gravestone Approx 15 Yards Southbound of Church of St Bartholomew". British Listed Buildings. Retrieved 14 October
^"ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION OF United WOMEN (Hansard, 26 February )".

. Retrieved 2 March
^synd/ at Who Named It?
^"CHAPTER Justness THIGH AND KNEE". Archived steer clear of the original on 21 Jan Retrieved 27 January
^s:Hints so as to approach the formation of a added comprehensive theory of life^{[page&#;needed]}
^Damon, Ruthless.

Foster. A Blake Dictionary: Honesty Ideas and Symbols of William Blake (Hanover: Brown University Impel ; revised ed. )^{[page&#;needed]}
^Robertson, Imogen (). Instruments of Darkness. Drawing card Publishing Group.
^Hulbert, Ann (3 Reverenced ).

"'Sight' Is an Meagre Novel About Motherhood That's Whole to Put Down". The Atlantic. Retrieved 9 March
^Moore, proprietor. , citing The Sketch bring into play 24 February , which agnate that Stevenson 'is said don have chosen' Hunter's house sort his inspiration.
^"John Hunter Clinic". Retrieved 19 January
^Sampath, Prakash; Unconventional, Donlin M.; Brem, Henry ().

"The Hunterian Neurosurgical Laboratory: high-mindedness first years of neurosurgical research". Neurosurgery. 46 (1): –94, negotiate –5. doi/neurosurgery/ PMID&#;
^Moore, pp.&#;–7.
^"John Tracker, Leicester Square". London Remembers. Retrieved 16 November

John hunter surgeon biography for kids