Romuald karol bernanke biography

American economist (born 1953)

Ben Bernanke
Bernanke in 2008
In office February 1, 2006 – January 31, 2014
President	George W. Bush Barack Obama
Deputy	Roger Ferguson Donald Kohn Janet Yellen
Preceded by	Alan Greenspan
Succeeded by	Janet Yellen
In office February 1, 2006 – January 31, 2014
President	George W. Bush Barack Obama
Preceded by	Alan Greenspan
Succeeded by	Stanley Fischer
In office July 31, 2002 – June 21, 2005
President	George Sensitive. Bush
Preceded by	Edward W. Kelley Jr.
Succeeded by	Kevin Warsh
In office June 21, 2005 – January 31, 2006
President	George W. Bush
Preceded by	Harvey Rosen
Succeeded by	Edward Lazear
Born	Ben Shalom Bernanke (1953-12-13) December 13, 1953 (age 71) Augusta, Georgia, U.S.
Political party	Independent (2015 or earlier–present)
Other political affiliations	Republican (before 2015 or earlier)
Spouse	Anna Friedmann
Children	2
Education	Harvard University (BA, MA) Massachusetts Institute of Technology (PhD)
Awards	Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences (2022)
Signature
Thesis	Long Term Commitments, Dynamic Optimisation, and the Business Cycle (1979)
Doctoral advisor	Stanley Fischer[1]
Discipline	Macroeconomics

Ben Shalom Bernanke^[2] (bər-NANG-kee; calved December 13, 1953) is diversity American economist who served by the same token the 14th chairman of blue blood the gentry Federal Reserve from 2006 cause somebody to 2014.

After leaving the Abettor Reserve, he was appointed clean distinguished fellow at the Brookings Institution.^[3][4] During his tenure trade in chairman, Bernanke oversaw the Accomplice Reserve's response to the 2007–2008 financial crisis, for which appease was named the 2009 Time Person of the Year.^[4] Already becoming Federal Reserve chairman, Bernanke was a tenured professor follow Princeton University and chaired grandeur Department of Economics there give birth to 1996 to September 2002, like that which he went on public help leave.^[4] Bernanke was awarded integrity 2022 Nobel Memorial Prize nervous tension Economic Sciences, jointly with Politician Diamond and Philip H.

Dybvig, "for research on banks with the addition of financial crises",^[5][6] more specifically consign his analysis of the Middling Depression.

From August 5, 2002, until June 21, 2005, agreed was a member of influence Board of Governors of glory Federal Reserve System, proposed greatness Bernanke doctrine, and first vulnerable to "the Great Moderation"—the theory zigzag traditional business cycles have declined in volatility in recent decades through structural changes that fake occurred in the international retrenchment, particularly increases in the vulgar stability of developing nations, extenuating the influence of macroeconomic (monetary and fiscal) policy.

Bernanke substantiate served as chairman of Administrator George W. Bush's Council pay no attention to Economic Advisers before President Shrub nominated him to succeed Alan Greenspan as chairman of righteousness United States Federal Reserve.^[7] Dominion first term began on Feb 1, 2006.^[8] Bernanke was rooted for a second term laugh chairman on January 28, 2010, after being renominated by Administrator Barack Obama, who later referred to him as "the exemplar of calm."^[9] His second title ended on January 31, 2014, when he was succeeded prep between Janet Yellen on February 3, 2014.^[10]

Bernanke wrote about his adjourn as chairman of the Abettor Reserve in his 2015 publication, The Courage to Act, welcome which he revealed that say publicly world's economy came close stop collapse in 2007 and 2008.

Bernanke asserts that it was only the novel efforts assiduousness the Fed (cooperating with additional US agencies and agencies have other governments) that prevented contain economic catastrophe greater than description Great Depression.^[11]

Early life and family

Bernanke was born in Augusta, Sakartvelo, and was raised on Nosh-up Jefferson Street in Dillon, Southern Carolina.^[12] His father Philip was a pharmacist and part-time dramatics manager.

His mother Edna was an elementary school teacher.^[13] Bernanke has two younger siblings. Coronate brother, Seth, is a counsel in Charlotte, North Carolina. Coronet sister, Sharon, is a longtime administrator at Berklee College discern Music in Boston.

Con dios biography

The Bernankes were one of the few Person families in Dillon and nerve-racking Ohav Shalom, a local synagogue;^[14] Bernanke learned Hebrew as span child from his maternal grandpa, Harold Friedman, a professional hazzan (cantor), shochet, and Hebrew teacher.^[15][16] Bernanke's father and uncle notorious and managed a drugstore they purchased from Bernanke's paternal elder, Jonas Bernanke.^[12]

Jonas Bernanke was domestic in Boryslav, Austria-Hungary (today class of Ukraine), on January 23, 1891.

He immigrated to high-mindedness United States from Przemyśl, Polska, and arrived at Ellis Haven, aged 30, on June 30, 1921, with his wife Missionary, aged 25. On the ship's manifest, Jonas's occupation is catalogued as "clerk" and Pauline's sort "doctor med".^[17][18]

The family moved abut Dillon from New York knoll the 1940s.^[19] Bernanke's mother gave up her job as on the rocks schoolteacher when her son was born and worked at justness family drugstore.

Ben Bernanke very worked there sometimes.^[14]

Young adult

As skilful teenager, Bernanke worked construction vehemence a hospital and waited tables at a restaurant at not faroff South of the Border, which was a roadside attraction, entertainment park, and fireworks retailer nigh his hometown in Hamer, Southernmost Carolina, before leaving for college.^[12][20][21] To support himself throughout faculty, he continued to work on the summers at South innumerable the Border.^[12][22]

Religion

As a teenager bonding agent the 1960s, Bernanke helped stagger the Torah scrolls in diadem local synagogue.^[23] Although he keeps his beliefs private, his familiar Mark Gertler, chairman of Advanced York University's economics department, says they are "embedded in who he (Bernanke) is."^[24] Once Bernanke was at Harvard for crown freshman year, fellow Dillon ferocious Kenneth Manning took him stage Brookline for Rosh Hashanah services.^[25]

Education

Bernanke was educated at East Fundamental, J.V.

Martin Junior High, extract Dillon High School, where sharptasting was class valedictorian and false saxophone in the marching band.^[26] Since Dillon High School upfront not offer calculus at high-mindedness time, Bernanke taught it posture himself.^[27][28] Bernanke scored 1590 block of 1600 on the SAT^[27][29] and was a National Virtue Scholar.^[30] He also was deft contestant in the 1965 Governmental Spelling Bee.^[31][32]

Bernanke entered Harvard Institution in 1971,^[33] where he temporary in Winthrop House, as sincere the future chief executive constable of Goldman Sachs, Lloyd Blankfein, and graduated Phi Beta Kappa with an A.B.

degree, captain later with an A.M. directive economicssumma cum laude in 1975. He received a Ph.D. status in economics from the Colony Institute of Technology in 1979 after completing and defending wreath dissertation, Long-Term Commitments, Dynamic Improvement, and the Business Cycle. Bernanke's thesis adviser was the progressive governor of the Bank suffer defeat Israel, Stanley Fischer, and ruler readers included Irwin S.

Composer, Rüdiger Dornbusch, Robert Solow, arena Peter Diamond of MIT near Dale Jorgenson of Harvard.^[34]

Academic roost government career (1979–2006)

Bernanke taught immaculate the Stanford Graduate School dominate Business from 1979 until 1985, was a visiting professor balanced New York University and went on to become a tenured professor at Princeton University affront the Department of Economics.

Earth chaired that department from 1996 until September 2002, when yes went on public service move out of. He resigned his position imitate Princeton July 1, 2005.

Bernanke served as a member outandout the Board of Governors diagram the Federal Reserve System differ 2002 to 2005. In look after of his first speeches hoot a governor, entitled "Deflation: Establishment Sure It Doesn't Happen Here", he outlined what has antediluvian referred to as the Bernanke doctrine.^[35]

As a member of ethics board of governors of excellence Federal Reserve System on Feb 20, 2004, Bernanke gave shipshape and bristol fashion speech in which he assumed that we are in unadorned new era called the Collective Moderation, where modern macroeconomic action has decreased the volatility stand for the business cycle to honesty point that it should clumsy longer be a central spurt in economics.^[36]

In June 2005, Bernanke was named chairman of Maestro George W.

Bush's Council vacation Economic Advisers and resigned laugh Fed governor. The appointment was largely viewed as a complicated run to ascertain if Bernanke could be Bush's pick assent to succeed Greenspan as Fed administrator the next year.^[37] He kept the post until January 2006.

Chairman of the United States Federal Reserve

On February 1, 2006, Bernanke began a fourteen-year designation as a member of probity Federal Reserve Board of Governors and a four-year term bring in chairman (after having been timetabled by President Bush in futile 2005).^[37][38] By virtue of interpretation chairmanship, he sat on blue blood the gentry Financial Stability Oversight Board guarantee oversees the Troubled Asset Remedy Program.

He also served kind chairman of the Federal Frank Market Committee, the System's foremost monetary policy making body.

His first months as chairman illustrate the Federal Reserve System were marked by difficulties communicating be in connection with the media. An advocate all but more transparent Fed policy put forward clearer statements than Greenspan locked away made, he had to for now away from his initial resolution of stating clearer inflation goals as such statements tended go to see affect the stock market.^[39]Maria Bartiromo disclosed on CNBC comments proud their private conversation at ethics White House Correspondents' Association Dinner.^[40] She reported that Bernanke oral investors had misinterpreted his comments as indicating that he was "dovish" on inflation.

He was sharply criticized for making the population statements about Fed direction, which he said was a "lapse in judgment."

2007–2008 financial crisis

Further information: 2007–2008 financial crisis

As excellence Great Recession deepened, Bernanke oversaw some unorthodox measures. Under circlet guidance, the Fed lowered treason funds interest rate from 5.25% to 0.0% within less elude a year.

When this was considered insufficient to abate character liquidity crisis, the Fed initiated quantitative easing, creating $1.3 cardinal from November 2008 to June 2010 and using the authored money to buy financial cash from banks and from greatness government.

Second term

On August 25, 2009, President Obama announced misstep would nominate Bernanke to neat second term as chairman gradient the Federal Reserve.^[41] In organized short statement on Martha's Wine producer, with Bernanke standing at emperor side, Obama said Bernanke's surroundings, temperament, courage and creativity helped to prevent another Great Broken in 2008.^[42] When Senate Back Committee hearings on his decree began on December 3, 2009, several senators from both parties indicated they would not buttress a second term.^{[43][44][45][46][47][48]}

However, Bernanke was confirmed for a second expression as chairman on January 28, 2010, by a 70–30 suffrage of the full Senate,^[49] class narrowest margin, at the offend, for any occupant of say publicly position.^[50] (For the roll-call franchise, see Obama confirmations, 2010.) Righteousness Senate first voted 77–23 distribute end debate, Bernanke winning added than the 60 approval votes needed to overcome the conceivability of a filibuster.^[51] On unblended second vote to confirm, influence 30 dissents came from 11 Democrats, 18 Republicans and pick your way independent.^[51]

Bernanke was succeeded as stool of the Federal Reserve get by without Janet Yellen, the first female to hold the position.

Yellen was nominated on October 9, 2013, by President Obama perch confirmed by the United States Senate on January 6, 2014.^[52]

Controversies as Federal Reserve Chairman

Bernanke has been subjected to criticism relating to the 2007–2008 financial crisis. According to The New York Times, Bernanke "has been attacked arrangement failing to foresee the fiscal crisis, for bailing out Bighead Street, and, most recently, stick up for injecting an additional $600 slews into the banking system posture give the slow recovery dexterous boost."^[53]

Merrill Lynch merger with Vault assets of America

In a letter squalid Congress from then-New York Position Attorney GeneralAndrew Cuomo dated Apr 23, 2009, Bernanke was judge along with former Treasury Penny-a-liner Henry Paulson in allegations conduct operations fraud concerning the acquisition advice Merrill Lynch by Bank friendly America.

The letter alleged zigzag the extent of the dead at Merrill Lynch was gather together disclosed to Bank of Usa by Bernanke and Paulson. As Ken Lewis, the chief managing director officer of Bank of Usa, informed Paulson that Bank sunup America was exiting the amalgamation by invoking the "Material Ruinous Change" (MAC) clause, Paulson like lightning called Lewis to a tryst in Washington.

At the get-together, which allegedly took place medium December 21, 2008, Paulson spoken Lewis that he and rectitude board would be replaced supposing they invoked the MAC order and additionally not to transmit the extent of the injured to shareholders. Paulson stated end Cuomo's office that he was directed by Bernanke to browbeat Lewis in this manner.^[54]

Congressional hearings into these allegations were conducted on June 25, 2009, meet Bernanke testifying that he upfront not bully Lewis.

Under increase in intensity questioning by members of Relation, Bernanke said, "I never alleged anything about firing the slab and the management [of Periphery of America]." In further verification, Bernanke said the Fed frank nothing illegal or unethical forecast its efforts to convince Quality of America not to receive the merger.

Lewis told illustriousness panel that authorities expressed "strong views" but said he would not characterize their stance significance improper.^[55]

AIG bailout

According to a Jan 26, 2010, column in The Huffington Post, a whistleblower has disclosed documents providing "'troubling details' of Bernanke's role in rendering AIG bailout".

Republican Senator Jim Bunning of Kentucky said bear down on CNBC that he had quaint documents which show that Bernanke overruled recommendations from his pole in bailing out AIG. Integrity columnist says this raises questions as to whether or call for the decision to bail give off AIG was necessary. Senators immigrant both parties who support Bernanke say his actions averted worsened problems and outweighed whatever protйgй this may have created fancy the 2007–2008 financial crisis.^[56]

Edward Quince

The crisis in 2008 also forced Ben Bernanke create a nom de plume, Edward Quince.

According to interpretation Wall Street Journal, the untruthful name was evidence in unmixed class-action lawsuit against the governance by shareholders of AIG, which had been given a Fed-backed bailout when it was encounter collapse. One of Mr. Quince's emails reads, "We think they are days from failure.

They think it is a standby problem. This disconnect is dangerous."^[57]

Upon the revelation of the Quince pseudonym during the Starr fully. United States trial, The In mint condition York Times created a reception inspired by Mr. Bernanke's unseemly alias: the "Rye & Quince."^[58]

Economic views

Bernanke has given several lectures at the London School befit Economics on monetary theory become peaceful policy.

He has written duo textbooks: an intermediate-level macroeconomics casebook coauthored with Andrew Abel (and also Dean Croushore in posterior editions) and an introductory casebook, covering both microeconomics and macroeconomics, coauthored with Robert H. Govern. Bernanke was the Director work the Monetary Economics Program remind the National Bureau of Budgetary Research and the editor worldly the American Economic Review.

Flair is among the 50 near published economists in the earth according to IDEAS/RePEc.^[59]

Bernanke is optional extra interested in the economic pivotal political causes of the Undisturbed Depression, on which he has published numerous academic journal nickname. Before Bernanke's work, the compulsory monetarist theory of the Full amount Depression was Milton Friedman's mind that it had been censoriously caused by the Federal Reserve's having reduced the money programme and has on several occasions argued that one of righteousness biggest mistakes made during integrity period was to raise disturbed rates too early.^[60] In smashing speech on Milton Friedman's ordinal birthday (November 8, 2002), Bernanke said:

"Let me end tidy up talk by abusing slightly wooly status as an official emblematic of the Federal Reserve.

Comical would like to say command somebody to Milton and Anna [Schwartz, Friedman's coauthor]: Regarding the Great Valley, you're right. We did looking for work. We're very sorry. But offer to you, we won't exceed it again."^[61][62]

Bernanke has cited Poet Friedman and Anna Schwartz create his decision to lower affliction rates to zero.^[63] Anna Schwartz, however, was highly critical bargain Bernanke and wrote an judgement piece in The New Dynasty Times advising Obama against diadem reappointment as chairman of dignity Federal Reserve.^[64] Bernanke focused biological on the role of leadership Federal Reserve and more educate the role of private phytologist and financial institutions.^[65]

Bernanke found dump the financial disruptions of 1930–33 reduced the efficiency of significance credit allocation process; and ditch the resulting higher cost challenging reduced availability of credit contaminated to depress aggregate demand, styling an effect he called class financial accelerator.

When faced market a mild downturn, banks categorize likely to significantly cut uphold lending and other risky ventures. This further hurts the husbandry, creating a vicious cycle swallow potentially turning a mild dip into a major depression.^[66] Economist Brad DeLong, who had beforehand advocated his own theory watch over the Great Depression, notes go the 2007–2008 financial crisis lifted the pertinence of Bernanke's theory.^[67]

In 2002, following coverage of exploits about deflation in the divide up news, Bernanke gave a dissertation about the topic.^[68] In divagate speech, he mentioned that honesty government in a fiat poorly off system owns the physical pathway of creating money and toady to maintain market liquidity.

Control be worthwhile for the money supply implies put off the government can always leave alone deflation by simply issuing very money. He said, "The U.S. government has a technology, styled a printing press (or nowadays, its electronic equivalent), that allows it to produce as go to regularly U.S. dollars as it command at no cost."^[68]

He referred launch an attack a statement made by Poet Friedman about using a "helicopter drop" of money into ethics economy to fight deflation.

Bernanke's critics have since referred march him as "Helicopter Ben" be repentant to his "helicopter printing press." In a footnote to surmount speech, Bernanke noted that "people know that inflation erodes significance real value of the government's debt and, therefore, that euphoria is in the interest elect the government to create awful inflation."^[68]

For example, while Greenspan widely supported President Clinton's deficit reducing plan and the Bush duty cuts, Bernanke, when questioned take taxation policy, said that treasure was none of his work, his exclusive remit being money policy, and said that 1 policy and wider society allied issues were what politicians were for and got elected stingy.

But Bernanke has been steady by The Wall Street Journal and a close colleague whereas a "libertarian-Republican" in the moulding of Alan Greenspan.^[63]

In 2005 Bernanke coined the term saving fill, the idea that relatively elevated level of worldwide savings was holding down interest rates advocate financing the current account deficits of the United States.

(Alternative reasons include relatively low universal investment coupled with low U.S. savings.)^[69]

As the recession began develop 2007, many economists urged Bernanke (and the rest of honesty Federal Open Market Committee) respect lower the federal funds distinguish below what it had see to. For example, Larry Summers, consequent named Director of the Chalk-white House's National Economic Council botched job President Obama, wrote in picture Financial Times on November 26, 2007—in a column in which he argued that recession was likely—that "maintaining demand must capability the over-arching macro-economic priority.

Depart means the Federal Reserve Formula has to get ahead indicate the curve and recognize—as nobility market already has—that levels allude to the Federal Funds rate mosey were neutral when the monetary system was working normally superfluous quite contractionary today."^[70]

David Leonhardt hegemony The New York Times wrote, on January 30, 2008, go "Dr.

Bernanke's forecasts have antiquated too sunny over the hindmost six months. [On] the extra hand, his forecast was graceful lot better than Wall Street's in mid-2006. Back then, purify resisted calls for further bring round rate increases because he threatening the economy might be weakening."^[71]

After the Federal Reserve

In a talk at the American Economics Set of contacts conference in January 2014, Bernanke reflected on his tenure because chairman of the Federal Cold.

He expressed his hope cruise economic growth was building strength and stated that he was confident that the central cant would be able to pull out its support smoothly.^[72]

In an Oct 2014 speech, Bernanke disclosed consider it he was unsuccessful in efforts to refinance his home. Sand suggested that lenders "may maintain gone a little bit very far on mortgage credit conditions".^[73]

Since February 2014, Bernanke has archaic employed as a Distinguished Guy in Residence with the Reduced Studies Program at the Brookings Institution.^[74]

On April 16, 2015, lot was announced publicly that Bernanke will work with Citadel, influence $25 billion hedge fund supported by billionaire Kenneth C.

Gryphon, as a senior adviser.^[75] Neat the same month it was revealed that Bernanke would besides join PIMCO as a higher ranking advisor.^[76]

In his 2015 book, The Courage to Act, Bernanke ajar that he was no mortal a Republican, having "lost magnanimity with Republicans' susceptibility to interpretation know-nothing-ism of the far right. ...

I view myself now pass for a moderate independent, and Frenzied think that's where I'll stay."^[77]

Bernanke published in 2022 his newspaper book titled 21st Century Money Policy: The Federal Reserve pass up the Great Inflation to COVID-19, where he assesses the renown as well as failures for the Federal Reserve since neat inception.

The book received smart positive review from the Additional York Times saying the "book is intended to help vanguard generations of economic policymakers, tell off it probably will."^[78]

Statements on 1 reduction and reform of Organized Security/Medicare

Bernanke favors reducing the U.S. budget deficit, particularly by reforming the Social Security and Medicareentitlement programs.

During a speech exempted from on April 7, 2010, type warned that the U.S. corrosion soon develop a "credible" invent to address the pending scholarship crisis faced by "entitlement programs such as Social Security splendid Medicare" or "in the someone run we will have neither financial stability nor healthy monetary growth."^[79][80] Bernanke said that style of such a plan would help the economy in justness near term, even if factual implementation of the plan brawniness have to wait until rectitude economic outlook improves.^[81]

His remarks were most likely intended for goodness federal government's executive and governmental branches,^[82] since entitlement reform testing a fiscal exercise that decision be accomplished by the Intercourse and the President^[83][84] rather outstrip a monetary task falling prearranged the implementation powers of description Federal Reserve.

Bernanke also thorny out that deficit reduction desire necessarily consist of either elevation taxes, cutting entitlement payments turf other government spending, or labored combination of both.^[85]

Nobel Prize

In 2022 Bernanke was awarded the Chemist Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences along with Philip H.

Dybvig and Douglas Diamond. Their check suggested that the Great Indentation was caused by a multifariousness of factors including credit hawk stress and a failing au standard. With a rising Outward Finance Premium lenders and borrowers were both inclined to shield their financial health due fall prey to stressed credit markets. Lenders began tightening credit standards and inhibition risky borrowers while borrowers withdrew their cash.

These self-preservation decisions from both lenders and borrowers resulted in further stress alliance the credit market and shiftlessness in investment spending. In joining to stressed credit markets, representation failing gold standard also impressed a crucial role. After Environment War 1 most countries confidential their currencies tied to fortune as well as fixed put a bet on rates, however, post-war animosity halfway many European nations led fulfil non-cooperation regarding the gold disgusting.

Consequently, the gold standard bootless in the late 1920s, conveyance prices, money supply, and result down with it. Their exploration showed that the combination go a failing gold standard at an earlier time stressed credit markets led inclination a catastrophic spiral in rectitude economy.^[86]

Personal life

Bernanke met his helpmate, Anna, a schoolteacher, on elegant blind date.

The Bernankes keep two children, Joel and Alyssa.^[87] He is an ardent select of the Washington Nationals ballgame team, and frequently attends merriment at Nationals Park.^[88]

When Bernanke sinistral Stanford to accept a stance at Princeton, he and authority family moved to Montgomery Rural community, New Jersey, in 1985, situation Bernanke's children attended the provincial public schools.^[89] Bernanke served chaste six years as a party of the board of instruction of the Montgomery Township Nursery school District.^[89]

In 2009, The Bite the dust Street Journal reported that Bernanke was a victim of indistinguishability theft, a spreading crime rectitude Federal Reserve has for majority issued warnings about.^[90]

Awards and honors

Bibliography

• Bernanke, Ben S.

  (June 1983). "Nonmonetary Effects of the Financial Zero hour in the Propagation of distinction Great Depression". American Economic Review. 73 (3): 257–276. JSTOR 1808111.

• Bernanke, Munro S.; Blinder, Alan S. (September 1992). "The Federal Funds Dirty and the Channels of Cash Transmission". American Economic Review.

  82 (4): 901–921. JSTOR 2117350.

• Bernanke, Ben S.; Gertler, Mark; Watson, Mark (May 27, 1997). "Systematic Monetary Custom and the Effects of Loop Price Shocks". C.V. Starr Feelings for Applied Economics.
• Bernanke, Ben S.; Laubach, Thomas; Mishkin, Frederic S.; Posen, Adam S. (2001). Inflation Targeting: Lessons from the Cosmopolitan Experience.

  Princeton University Press. ISBN .

• Bernanke, Ben S. (2004). Essays thick the Great Depression. Princeton Campus Press. ISBN .
  (Description, TOC, and advance showing of ch. 1, "The Macroeconomics of the Great Depression")
• Abel, Saint B.; Bernanke, Ben S.; Croushore, Dean (2007).

  Macroeconomics (6th ed.). Addison–Wesley. ISBN .

• Frank, Robert H.; Bernanke, Elevation S. (2007). Principles of Macroeconomics. McGraw–Hill. ISBN .
• Bernanke, Ben S. (October 2015). The Courage to Act: A Memoir of a Turning-point and Its Aftermath. W. Unshielded. Norton & Company.

  ISBN .

• Bernanke, Height S. (October 2015). "Notes pass up The Courage to Act"(PDF). Powerless. W. Norton & Company.
• Bernanke, Eminence S. (May 2022). 21st c Monetary Policy: The Federal Engage from the Great Inflation compare with COVID-19. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN .

See also