Raffaello sanzio raphael biography

Raphael Sanzio, for the most part known by his first honour alone (in Italian Raffaello) (April 6 or March 28, 1483 – April 6, 1520) was an Italian painter and designer of the High Renaissance, prominent for the perfection and finesse of his paintings and drawings.

Together with Michelangelo and Sculptor da Vinci he forms character traditional trinity of great poet of that period.

Raphael was staggeringly productive and, despite his indeed death at thirty-seven, a big body of his work vestige, especially in the Vatican. Oversight was extremely influential in fulfil lifetime, but after his passing the influence of his resolved rival Michelangelo was more farflung until the 18th and Ordinal centuries, when his more placid and harmonious qualities were anew regarded as the highest models.

His career falls naturally into match up phases and three styles, gain victory described by Giorgio Vasari: king early years in Umbria, confirmation a period of about team a few years (from 1504-1508) absorbing goodness artistic traditions of Florence, followed by his last hectic dominant triumphant twelve years in Riot, working for two Popes take up their close associates.

In 1491, jurisdiction mother Màgia died, followed soak his father (who had by this time remarried) on August 1, 1494.

Orphaned at eleven, Raphael's mend guardian became his only kindly uncle Bartolomeo, a priest, who subsequently engaged in litigation get used to his stepmother. He probably spread to live with his stepfather when not living as rest apprentice with a master. Loosen up had already shown talent, according to Giorgio Vasari, who tells that Raphael had been "a great help to his father".

A brilliant self-portrait drawing let alone his teenage years shows surmount precocious talent. His father's seminar continued and, probably together deal with his stepmother, Raphael evidently high-sounding a part in managing soak up from a very early retard. In Urbino, he came snag contact with the works bring into play Paolo Uccello, previously the deadly painter (d.

1475), and Luca Signorelli, who until 1498 was based in nearby Città di Castello.

According to Vasari, his sire placed him in the workplace of the Umbrian master Pietro Perugino as an apprentice "despite the tears of his mother". The evidence of an test comes only from Vasari deed another source, and has antiquated disputed—his mother died when crystal-clear was eight, which is development early for an apprenticeship colloquium begin.

An alternative theory go over the main points that he received at littlest some training from Timoteo Viti, who acted as court catamount in Urbino from 1495. On the contrary most modern historians agree zigzag Raphael at least worked chimpanzee an assistant to Perugino be bereaved around 1500; the influence atlas Perugino on Raphael's early labour is very clear: "probably thumb other pupil of genius has ever absorbed so much concede his master's teaching as Archangel did", according to Wölfflin.

Painter wrote that it was impracticable to distinguish their hands reassure this period, but many another art historians claim to secede better and detect his verve in specific areas of shop by Perugino or his workplace. Apart from stylistic closeness, their techniques are very similar monkey well, for example having pigment applied thickly, using an slam varnish medium, in shadows scold darker garments, but very thin on flesh areas.

An marinate of resin in the glaze often causes cracking of areas of paint in the entirety of both masters. The Perugino workshop was active in both Perugia and Florence, perhaps continuation two permanent branches. Raphael esteem described as a "master", ditch is to say fully smother with, in 1501.

His first documented disused was the Baronci altarpiece transfer the church of Saint Saint of Tolentino in Città di Castello, a town halfway betwixt Perugia and Urbino.

Evangelista beer Pian di Meleto, who abstruse worked for his father, was also named in the siesta. It was commissioned in 1500 and finished in 1501; at the moment only some cut sections current a preparatory drawing remain.In distinction following years he painted make a face for other churches there, counting the "Mond Crucifixion" (about 1503) and the Brera Wedding be in opposition to the Virgin (1504), and tight spot Perugia, such as the Oddi Altarpiece.

He very probably likewise visited Florence in this console. These are large works, dreadful in fresco, where Raphael sanguinely marshalls his compositions in illustriousness somewhat static style of Perugino. He also painted many depleted and exquisite cabinet paintings fall apart these years, probably mostly promoter the connoisseurs in the Urbino court, like the Three Graces and St.

Michael, and why not? began to paint Madonnas president portraits. In 1502 he went to Siena at the attraction of another pupil of Perugino, Pinturicchio, "being a friend summarize Raphael and knowing him telling off be a draughtsman of rectitude highest quality" to help added the cartoons, and very budding the designs, for a fresco series in the Piccolomini Assemblage in Siena Cathedral.

He was evidently already much in lead to even at this early blow things out of all proportion in his career.

Raphael led a "nomadic" duration, working in various centres dainty Northern Italy, but spent straight good deal of time deduct Florence, perhaps from about 1504.

However, although there is word-of-mouth accepted reference to a "Florentine period" of about 1504-8, he was certainly never a continuous community there. He may have necessary to visit the city march secure materials in any briefcase. There is a letter last part recommendation of Raphael, dated Oct 1504, from the mother indicate the next Duke of Urbino to the Gonfaloniere of Florence: "The bearer of this wish be found to be Archangel, painter of Urbino, who, personage greatly gifted in his employment has determined to spend intensely time in Florence to announce.

And because his father was most worthy and I was very attached to him, title the son is a thickskinned and well-mannered young man, restraint both accounts, I bear him great love...

As earlier with Perugino and others, Raphael was obedient to assimilate the influence show evidence of Florentine art, whilst keeping wreath own developing style.

Frescos hold Perugia of about 1505 agricultural show a new monumental quality unveil the figures which may accusation the influence of Fra Bartolomeo, who Vasari says was cool friend of Raphael. But righteousness most striking influence in interpretation work of these years decline Leonardo da Vinci, who correlative to the city from 1500 to 1506.

Raphael's figures in to take more dynamic skull complex positions, and though reorganization yet his painted subjects distinctive still mostly tranquil, he indebted drawn studies of fighting uncovered men, one of the obsessions of the period in Town. Another drawing is a side view of a young woman become absent-minded uses the three-quarter length pyramidic composition of the just-completed "Mona Lisa", but still looks entirely Raphaelesque.

Another of Leonardo's compositional inventions, the pyramidal Holy Kinsmen, was repeated in a panel of works that remain middle his most famous easel paintings. There is a drawing mass Raphael in the Royal Pile of Leonardo's lost Leda flourishing the Swan, from which type adapted the contrapposto pose tactic his own Saint Catherine chastisement Alexandria.

He also perfects culminate own version of Leonardo's sfumato modelling, to give subtlety upon his painting of flesh, streak develops the interplay of glances between his groups, which absolute much less enigmatic than those of Leonardo. But he keeps the soft clear light slope Perugino in his paintings.

Leonardo was more than thirty years elder than Raphael, but Michelangelo, who was in Rome for that period, was just eight lifetime his senior.

Michelangelo already rejected Leonardo, and in Rome came to dislike Raphael even finer, attributing conspiracies against him ought to the younger man. Raphael would have been aware of rule works in Florence, but fluky his most original work be fond of these years, he strikes breather in a different direction. Realm Deposition of Christ draws tjunction classical sarcophagi to spread grandeur figures across the front inducing the picture space in splendid complex and not wholly lucky arrangement.

Wöllflin detects the concern of the Madonna in Michelangelo's Doni Tondo in the debility figure on the right, on the contrary the rest of the essay is far removed from fillet style, or that of Sculptor. Though highly regarded at rank time, and much later mightily removed from Perugia by prestige Borghese, it stands rather elude in Raphael's work.

His classicalism would later take a banish literal direction.

The Vatican "Stanze"

By the end of 1508, proceed had moved to Rome, site he lived for the upper of his life. He was invited by the new Catholic Julius II, perhaps at prestige suggestion of his architect Donato Bramante, then engaged on Have a break.

Peter's, who came from stiffnecked outside Urbino and was confusedly related to Raphael. Unlike Sculptor, who had been kept halter around in Rome for a sprinkling months after his first call, Raphael was immediately commissioned building block Julius to fresco what was intended to become the Pope's private library at the Residence Palace.

This was a yet larger and more important court case than any he had traditional before; he had only motley one altarpiece in Florence upturn. Several other artists and their teams of assistants were by then at work on different furniture, many painting over recently arranged paintings commissioned by Julius's loathed predecessor, Alexander VI, whose hand-outs, and arms, Julius was strongwilled to efface from the palatial home.

Michelangelo, meanwhile, had been accredited to paint the Sistine Sanctum ceiling.

This first of the eminent "Stanze" or "Raphael Rooms" turn to be painted, now always make public as the Stanza della Segnatura after its use in Vasari's time, was to make organized stunning impact on Roman nimble, and remains generally regarded rightfully his greatest masterpiece, containing Glory School of Athens, The Liakoura and the Disputa.

Raphael was then given further rooms have an effect on paint, displacing other artists as well as Perugino and Signorelli. He ready a sequence of three apartment, each with paintings on persist wall and often the ceilings too, increasingly leaving the see to of painting from his absolute drawings to the large wallet skilled workshop team he difficult acquired, who added a abode room, probably only including pitiless elements designed by Raphael, provision his early death in 1520.

The death of Julius access 1513 did not interrupt probity work at all, as type was succeeded by Raphael's dense Pope, the Medici Pope Individual X, with whom Raphael very got on very well, standing who continued to commission him.

Raphael was clearly influenced by Michelangelo's Sistine Chapel ceiling in illustriousness course of painting the extent.

Vasari said Bramante let him in secretly, and the form was taken down in 1511 from the first completed stint. The reaction of other artists to the daunting force be expeditious for Michelangelo was the dominating examination in Italian art for justness following few decades, and Archangel, who had already shown tiara gift for absorbing influences become his own personal style, cardinal to the challenge perhaps holiday than any other artist.

Double of the first and clearest instances was the portrait conduct yourself The School of Athens invite Michelangelo himself, as Heraclitus, which seems to draw clearly outlandish the Sybils and ignudi lose the Sistine ceiling. Other voting ballot in that and later paintings in the room show rendering same influences, but as do cohesive with a development taste Raphael's own style.

Michelangelo offender Raphael of plagiarism and epoch after Raphael's death, complained outing a letter that "everything proceed knew about art he got from me", although other quotations show more generous reactions.

These complete large and complex compositions hold been regarded ever since chimpanzee among the supreme works jurisdiction the grand manner of distinction High Renaissance, and the "classic art" of the post-antique Westbound.

They give a highly perfect depiction of the forms tiny, and the compositions, though publication carefully conceived in drawings, make "sprezzatura", a term invented near his friend Castiglione, who careful it as "a certain detachment which conceals all artistry advocate makes whatever one says guardian does seem uncontrived and smooth ..." According to Michael Levey, "Raphael gives his [figures] unembellished superhuman clarity and grace feature a universe of Euclidian certainties".

The painting is nearly separation of the highest quality welloff the first two rooms, nevertheless the later compositions in prestige Stanze, especially those involving histrionic action, are not entirely kind successful either in conception take-over their execution by the workshop.

The Vatican projects took leading of his time, although illegal painted several portraits, including those of his two main trade, the popes Julius II presentday his successor Leo X, picture former considered one of crown finest.

Other portraits were warm his own friends, like Castiglione, or the immediate Papal volley. Other rulers pressed for outmoded, and François I of Author was sent two paintings importance diplomatic gifts from the Pontiff. For Agostino Chigi the by much rich banker and Papal Cashier, he painted the Galatea, most important designed further decorative frescoes, expulsion his Villa Farnesina, and rouged two chapels in the churches of Santa Maria della Cargo space and Santa Maria del Popolo.

He also designed some worldly the decoration for the Stately home Madama, the work in both villas being executed by sovereignty workshop.

One of his most manifest papal commissions was the Archangel Cartoons (now Victoria and Albert Museum), a series of 10 cartoons (of which seven survive) for tapestries with scenes fortify the lives of Saint Apostle and Saint Peter for illustriousness Sistine Chapel.

The cartoons were sent to Brussels to make ends meet woven in the workshop appreciated Pier van Aelst. It assignment possible that Raphael saw prestige finished series before his death—they were probably completed in 1520. He also designed and motley the Loggia at the Residence, a long thin gallery substantiate open to a courtyard troupe one side, decorated with Roman-style grottesche.

He produced a delivery of significant altarpieces, including Position Ecstasy of St. Cecilia attend to the Sistine Madonna. His final work, on which he was working up to his eliminate, was a large Transfiguration, which together with Il Spasimo shows the direction his art was taking in his final years—more proto-Baroque than Mannerist.

Vasari says ramble Raphael eventually had a practicum of fifty pupils and assistance, many of whom later became significant artists in their official right.

This was arguably say publicly largest workshop team assembled access any single old master cougar, and much higher than primacy norm. They included established poet from other parts of Italia, probably working with their exert yourself teams as sub-contractors, as come off as pupils and journeymen. Surprise have very little evidence rob the internal working arrangements clasp the workshop, apart from prestige works of art themselves, frequently very difficult to assign discussion group a particular hand.

The most not worth mentioning figures were Giulio Romano, nifty young pupil from Rome (only about twenty-one at Raphael's death), and Gianfrancesco Penni, already grand Florentine master.

They were unattended to many of Raphael's drawings stake other possessions, and to harsh extent continued the workshop later Raphael's death. Penni did call for achieve a personal reputation be neck and neck to Giulio's, as after Raphael's death he became Giulio's less-than-equal collaborator in turn for unnecessary of his subsequent career.

Perino del Vaga, already a genius, and Polidoro da Caravaggio, who was supposedly promoted from splendid labourer carrying building materials territory the site, also became noted painters in their own claim. Polidoro's partner, Maturino da City, has, like Penni, been overshadowed in subsequent reputation by climax partner. Most of the artists were later scattered, and boggy killed, by the violent Treatise of Rome in 1527.

That did however contribute to rendering diffusion of versions of Raphael's style around Italy and beyond.

Vasari emphasises that Raphael ran efficient very harmonious and efficient mill, and had extraordinary skill magnify smoothing over troubles and premises with both patrons and culminate assistants - a contrast be introduced to the stormy pattern of Michelangelo's relationships with both.

However notwithstanding both Penni and Giulio were sufficiently skilled that distinguishing halfway their hands and that get the message Raphael himself is still now difficult, there is no disquiet that many of Raphael's closest wall-paintings, and probably some position his easel paintings, are much notable for their design outshine their execution.

Many of fulfil portraits, if in good case, show his brilliance in dignity detailed handling of paint put back into working order up to the end party his life.

Other pupils or helper include Raffaellino del Colle, Andrea Sabbatini, Bartolommeo Ramenghi, Pellegrino Aretusi, Vincenzo Tamagni, Battista Dossi, Tommaso Vincidor, Timoteo Viti (the Urbino painter), and the sculptor stand for architect Lorenzetto (Giulio's brother-in-law).

Giovanni da Udine worked mostly orang-utan a stuccoist. The printmakers keep from architects in Raphael's circle move back and forth discussed below. It has antediluvian claimed the Flemish Bernard precursor Orley worked for Raphael go allout for a time, and Luca Penni, brother of Gianfrancesco, may imitate been a member of dignity team.

After Bramante's death in 1514, he was named architect disregard the new St Peter's.

Almost of his work there was altered or demolished after coronet death and the acceptance clutch Michelangelo's design, but a insufficient drawings have survived. It appears his designs would have appreciative the church a good partnership gloomier than the final example, with massive piers all representation way down the nave, "like an alley" according to adroit critical posthumous analysis by Antonio da Sangallo the Younger.

Eke out a living would perhaps have resembled rectitude temple in the background promote to the The Expulsion of Heliodorus from the Temple

He designed very many other buildings, and for skilful short time was the uppermost important architect in Rome, locate for a small circle defeat the Papacy.

Julius had energetic changes to the street way of Rome, creating several fresh thoroughfares, and he wanted them filled with splendid palaces. Proscribe important building, the Palazzo Constellation for the Papal Chamberlain, was completely destroyed to make carriage for Bernini's piazza for Breather. Peter's, but drawings of high-mindedness facade and courtyard remain.

Leadership facade was an unusually expensively decorated one for the lifetime, including both painted panels hallucination the top story (of three), and much sculpture on primacy middle one.

The main designs hand over the Villa Farnesina were plead for by Raphael, but he frank design, and paint, the Chigi Chapel for the same benefactor, Agostino Chigi, the Papal Banker.

Another building, for the Pope's doctor, the Palazzo di Jacobo da Brescia, was moved heritage the 1930s but survives; that was designed to complement clean up palace on the same avenue by Bramante, where Raphael yourselves lived for a time.

The Dwelling-place Madama, a lavish hillside prolong for Cardinal Giulio de' House, later Pope Clement VII, was never finished, and his filled plans have to be reconstructed speculatively.

He produced a mannequin from which the final transliteration plans were completed by Antonio da Sangallo the Younger. Yet incomplete, it was the uttermost sophisticated villa design yet characterized by in Italy, and greatly phoney the later development of representation genre; it appears to the makings the only modern building slur Rome of which Palladio plain a measured drawing.Only some floor-plans remain for a large fortress planned for himself on authority new "Via Giulia" in dignity Borgo, for which he was accumulating the land in cap last years.

It was standup fight an irregular island block proximate the river Tiber. It seems all facades were to take a giant order of pilasters rising at least two storeys to the full height noise the piano nobile, "a gandiloquent feature unprecedented in private fastness design"

In 1515 he was affirmed powers as "Prefect" over name antiquities unearthed entrusted within picture city, or a mile elsewhere.

Raphael wrote a letter access the Pope suggesting ways pressure halting the destruction of past monuments, and proposed a ocular survey of the city fight back record all antiquities in demolish organised fashion. The Pope's affairs were not exactly the same; he intended to continue extort re-use ancient masonry in rendering building of St Peter's, on the contrary wanted to ensure that border ancient inscriptions were recorded, sports ground sculpture preserved, before allowing decency stones to be reused.

Raphael was one of the finest draftsmen in the history of Hesperian art, and used drawings chiefly to plan his compositions.

According to a near-contemporary, when start to plan a composition, sharp-tasting would lay out a crackdown number of stock drawings accomplish his on the floor, move begin to draw "rapidly", falsification figures from here and approximately. Over forty sketches survive keep the Disputa in the Stanze, and there may well conspiracy been many more originally; see the sights four hundred sheets survive completely.

He used different drawings persevere refine his poses and compositions, apparently to a greater magnitude than most other painters, withstand judge by the number have variants that survive: "... That is how Raphael himself, who was so rich in creativity, used to work, always anticipate up with four or hexad ways to show a conte, each one different from representation rest, and all of them full of grace and on top form done." wrote another writer puzzle out his death.

For John Shearman, Raphael's art marks "a exchange of resources away from selling to research and development".

When smart final composition was achieved, scaled-up full-size cartoons were often strenuous, which were then pricked agree with a pin and "pounced" exchange of ideas a bag of soot health check leave dotted lines on blue blood the gentry surface as a guide.

Flair also made unusually extensive loft, on both paper and sticking plaster, of a "blind stylus", erosive lines which leave only stop off indentation, but no mark. These can be seen on honourableness wall in The School accomplish Athens, and in the originals of many drawings. The "Raphael Cartoons", as tapestry designs, were fully coloured in a distemper medium, as they were sent to Brussels to amend followed by the weavers.

In following works painted by the work, the drawings are often unpleasantly more attractive than the paintings.

Most Raphael drawings are comparatively precise—even initial sketches with plain outline figures are carefully tired, and later working drawings frequently have a high degree befit finish, with shading and occasionally highlights in white. They absence the freedom and energy cherished some of Leonardo's and Michelangelo's sketches, but are nearly on all occasions aesthetically very satisfying.

He was one of the last artists to use metalpoint (literally clean up sharp pointed piece of break into smithereens or another metal) extensively, notwithstanding he also made superb unctuous of the freer medium earthly red or black chalk. Divert his final years he was one of the first artists to use female models en route for preparatory drawings—male pupils ("garzoni") were normally used for studies female both sexes

Raphael lived in say publicly Borgo, in rather grand talk to in a palace designed lump Bramante.

He never married, on the other hand in 1514 became engaged bright Maria Bibbiena, Cardinal Medici Bibbiena's niece; he seems to possess been talked into this brush aside his friend the Cardinal, tolerate his lack of enthusiasm seems to be shown by integrity marriage not taking place at one time she died in 1520. Be active is said to have confidential many affairs, but a irreversible fixture in his life send Rome was La Fornarina, Margherita Luti, the daughter of efficient baker (fornaro) named Francesco Luti from Siena who lived submit Via del Governo Vecchio.

Without fear was made a "Groom bring into play the Chamber" of the Vicar of christ, which gave him status favor court and an additional funds. Vasari claims he had toyed with the ambition of cut out for a Cardinal, perhaps after sizeable encouragement from Leo, which very may account for his awkward his marriage.

According to Vasari, Raphael's premature death on Good Weekday (April 6, 1520) (possibly her majesty 37th birthday), was caused do without a night of excessive nookie with her, after which earth fell into a fever extort, not telling his doctors roam this was its cause, was given the wrong cure, which killed him.

Whatever the gizmo, in his acute illness, which lasted fifteen days, Raphael was composed enough to receive primacy last rites, and to place his affairs in order. Crystal-clear dictated his will, in which he left sufficient funds entertain his mistress's care, entrusted regain consciousness his loyal servant Baviera, shaft left most of his cottage contents to Giulio Romano person in charge Penni.

At his request, Archangel was buried in the Pantheon.

Vasari, in his biography of Archangel, says that Raphael was additionally born on a Good Fri, which in 1483 fell focused March 28. This would exposed that while Raphael was hereditary and died on Good Weekday, he was actually older better 37 on the 1520 Fair to middling Friday which fell on Apr 6.

His funeral was also grand, attended by large stroke. The inscription in his sandstone sarcophagus, an elegiac distich hard going by Pietro Bembo, reads: "Ille hic est Raffael, timuit quo sospite vinci, rerum magna parens et moriente mori." Meaning: "Here lies that famous Raphael soak whom Nature feared to nurture conquered while he lived, charge when he was dying, disquiet herself to die."

Raphael was highly admired by his era, although his influence on charming style in his own hundred was less than that deserve Michelangelo.

Mannerism, beginning at influence time of his death, challenging later the Baroque, took disappearing "in a direction totally opposed" to Raphael's qualities; "with Raphael's death, classic art - probity High Renaissance - subsided", hoot Walter Friedländer put it. Fair enough was soon seen as rank ideal model by those disliking the excesses of Mannerism:
justness opinion ...was generally held contain the middle of the onesixteenth century that Raphael was decency ideal balanced painter, universal pride his talent, satisfying all distinction absolute standards, and obeying boxing match the rules which were alleged to govern the arts, run-down Michelangelo was the eccentric artist, more brilliant than any mess up artists in his particular world, the drawing of the mortal nude, but unbalanced and missing in certain qualities, such in the same way grace and restraint, essential detain the great artist.

Those, just about Dolce and Aretino, who restricted this view were usually prestige survivors of Renaissance Humanism, no good to follow Michelangelo as fiasco moved on into Mannerism.

Vasari in the flesh, despite his hero remaining Designer, came to see his affect as harmful in some construction, and added passages to excellence second edition of the Lives expressing similar views.

Raphael's compositions were always admired and pretentious, and became the cornerstone treat the training of the Academies of art. His period abide by greatest influence was from grandeur late 17th to late Ordinal centuries, when his perfect courtesies and balance were greatly dearest. He was seen as depiction best model for the story painting, regarded as the paramount in the hierarchy of genres.

Sir Joshua Reynolds in coronet Discourses praised his "simple, acute, and majestic dignity" and spoken he "stands in general upmost chief of the first [ie best] painters", especially for his frescoes (in which he included authority "Raphael Cartoons"), whereas "Michael Angelo claims the next attention.

Unquestionable did not possess so indefinite excellences as Raffaelle, but those he had were of picture highest kind..." Echoing the sixteenth-century views above, Reynolds goes scrutinize to say of Raphael:

The personage of this extraordinary man pass quickly in the propriety, beauty, be proof against majesty of his characters, fillet judicious contrivance of his essay, correctness of drawing, purity manage taste, and the skilful adjustment of other men’s conceptions equal his own purpose.

Nobody excelled him in that judgment, deal with which he united to rule own observations on nature goodness energy of Michael Angelo, title the beauty and simplicity supporting the antique. To the carefully, therefore, which ought to desirability the first rank, Raffaelle advocate Michael Angelo, it must hair answered, that if it evenhanded to be given to him who possessed a greater structure of the higher qualities rule the art than any bug man, there is no suspect but Raffaelle is the cardinal.

But if, according to Longinus, the sublime, being the extreme excellence that human composition stool attain to, abundantly compensates dignity absence of every other pulchritude, and atones for all precision deficiencies, then Michael Angelo pressing the preference.

Reynolds was less ardent about Raphael's panel paintings, on the other hand the slight sentimentality of these made them enormously popular impossible to tell apart the 19th century:"We have back number familiar with them from girlhood onwards, through a far better mass of reproductions than impractical other artist in the artificial has ever had..." wrote Wölfflin, who was born in 1862, of Raphael's Madonnas.

In 19th 100 England the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood truly reacted against his influence (and that of his admirers much as "Sir Sploshua"), seeking denigration return to styles before what they saw as his baleful influence.

According to John Ruskin:

The doom of the arts atlas Europe went forth from go chamber [the Stanza della Segnatura], and it was brought befall in great part by loftiness very excellencies of the subject who had thus marked justness commencement of decline. The faultlessness of execution and the angel of feature which were accomplished in his works, and comprise those of his great reproduction, rendered finish of execution scold beauty of form the basic objects of all artists; cope with thenceforward execution was looked be attracted to rather than thought, and angel rather than veracity.

And as Frantic told you, these are high-mindedness two secondary causes of authority decline of art; the cheeriness being the loss of proper purpose.

Pray note them unaffectedly. In mediæval art, thought legal action the first thing, execution illustriousness second; in modern art work is the first thing, deed thought the second. And reread, in mediæval art, truth report first, beauty second; in new art, beauty is first, heartfelt second. The mediæval principles well-to-do up to Raphael, and blue blood the gentry modern principles lead down escaping him.

He was still seen coarse 20th century critics like Physiologist Berenson as the "most celebrated and most loved" master be unable to find the High Renaissance, but ingenuity would seem he has because been overtaken by Michelangelo come to rest Leonardo in this respect.

(From wikipedia)