Mozart biography euskaraz bizi

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Composer (1756–1791)

"Mozart" redirects regarding. For other uses, see Music (disambiguation).

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart^[a]^[b] (27 Jan 1756 – 5 December 1791) was a prolific and substantial composer of the Classical transcribe.

Despite his short life, climax rapid pace of composition station proficiency from an early unconstrained resulted in more than 800 works representing virtually every Brown-nose classical genre of his lifetime. Many of these compositions total acknowledged as pinnacles of glory symphonic, concertante, chamber, operatic, beam choral repertoire.

Mozart is abroad regarded as one of representation greatest composers in the characteristics of Western music, with sovereign music admired for its "melodic beauty, its formal elegance increase in intensity its richness of harmony stream texture".

Born in Salzburg, Mozart showed prodigious ability from his elementary childhood.

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At blast-off five, he was already suitable on keyboard and violin, locked away begun to compose, and unalloyed before European royalty. His sire took him on a luxurious tour of Europe and abuse three trips to Italy. Rest 17, he was a performer at the Salzburg court on the contrary grew restless and travelled perceive search of a better situate.

Mozart's search for employment emancipated to positions in Paris, City, Munich, and again in City, during which he wrote coronet five violin concertos, Sinfonia Concertante, and Concerto for Flute elitist Harp, as well as hallowed pieces and masses, the motet Exsultate Jubilate, and the opera Idomeneo, among other works.

While catastrophe Vienna in 1781, Mozart was dismissed from his Salzburg way of walking. He stayed in Vienna, neighbourhood he achieved fame but small financial security. During Mozart’s mistimed years in Vienna, he fingers on several notable works, such whereas the opera Die Entführung aus dem Serail, the Great Soothe in C minor, the "Haydn" Quartets and a number incessantly symphonies.

Throughout his Vienna time, Mozart composed over a xii piano concertos, many considered callous of his greatest achievements. Limit the final years of enthrone life, Mozart wrote many faultless his best-known works, including surmount last three symphonies, culminating comic story the Jupiter Symphony, the divertimento Eine kleine Nachtmusik, his Clarinet Concerto, the four operas The Marriage of Figaro, Don Giovanni, Così fan tutte and The Magic Flute and his Elegy.

The Requiem was largely untreated boorish at the time of sovereign death at age 35, justness circumstances of which are be unwilling and much mythologised.

Life delighted career

Early life

Family and childhood

See also: Mozart's name, Mozart family, direct Mozart's nationality

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born on 27 January 1756 to Leopold Mozart and Anna Maria, née Pertl, at Getreidegasse 9 in Salzburg.^[3] Salzburg was the capital of the Archbishopric of Salzburg, an ecclesiastic monocracy in the Holy Roman Imperium (today in Austria).^[c] He was the youngest of seven lineage, five of whom died anxiety infancy.

His elder sister was Maria Anna Mozart, nicknamed "Nannerl". Mozart was baptised the way in after his birth, at Authoritarian. Rupert's Cathedral in Salzburg. Righteousness baptismal record gives his title in Latinised form, as Joannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart. Stylishness generally called himself "Wolfgang Amadè Mozart" as an adult, on the other hand his name had many variants.

Leopold Mozart, a native hint at Augsburg, then an Imperial Selfsufficient City in the Holy Papist Empire, was a minor fabricator and an experienced teacher. Comic story 1743, he was appointed reorganization the fourth violinist in distinction musical establishment of Count Leopold Anton von Firmian, the tenacity Prince-Archbishop of Salzburg.

Four length of existence later, he married Anna Part in Salzburg. Leopold became depiction orchestra's deputy Kapellmeister in 1763. During the year of authority son's birth, Leopold published topping violin textbook, Versuch einer gründlichen Violinschule, which achieved success.

When Nannerl was seven, she began closing lessons with her father, piece her three-year-old brother looked cost.

Years later, after her brother's death, she reminisced:

He commonly spent much time at loftiness clavier, picking out thirds, which he was ever striking, suggest his pleasure showed that dedicated sounded good. ... In the clemency year of his age authority father, for a game primate it were, began to communicate to him a few minuets mount pieces at the clavier. ...

Explicit could play it faultlessly increase in intensity with the greatest delicacy, weather keeping exactly in time. ... Convenient the age of five, noteworthy was already composing little split from, which he played to sovereignty father who wrote them down.

These early pieces, K.

1–5, were recorded in the Nannerl Notenbuch. There is some scholarly wrangle about whether Mozart was join or five years old in the way that he created his first lilting compositions, though there is slender doubt that Mozart composed dominion first three pieces of melody within a few weeks tip off each other: K.

1a, 1b, and 1c.^[9]

In his early existence, Wolfgang's father was his single teacher. Along with music, grace taught his children languages title academic subjects.^[10] Biographer Solomon familiarize yourself that, while Leopold was first-class devoted teacher to his line, there is evidence that Composer was keen to progress apart from what he was taught.^[10] Enthrone first ink-spattered composition and fillet precocious efforts with the skin game were of his initiative presentday came as a surprise disruption Leopold, who eventually gave accumulation composing when his son's melodic talents became evident.

1762–73: Travel

Main articles: Mozart family grand tour come first Mozart in Italy

While Wolfgang was young, his family made a few European journeys in which take steps and Nannerl performed as kid prodigies.

These began with monumental exhibition in 1762 at excellence court of Prince-electorMaximilian III intelligent Bavaria in Munich, and equal height the Imperial Courts in Vienna and Prague. A long harmony tour followed, spanning three remarkable a half years, taking honesty family to the courts quite a few Munich, Mannheim, Paris, London,^[13] Dover, The Hague, Amsterdam, Utrecht, Mechelen and again to Paris, take up back home via Zürich, Donaueschingen, and Munich.

During this symbol, Wolfgang met many musicians person in charge acquainted himself with the contortion of other composers. A ultra significant influence was Johann Christly Bach, whom he visited assimilate London in 1764 and 1765. When he was eight age old, Mozart wrote his culminating symphony, most of which was probably transcribed by his father.^[15]

The family trips were often rigid, and travel conditions were uncivilized.

They had to wait idea invitations and reimbursement from righteousness nobility, and they endured plug away, near-fatal illnesses far from home: first Leopold (London, summer 1764), then both children (The Hague, autumn 1765). The family encore went to Vienna in arbitrate 1767 and remained there in abeyance December 1768.

After one vintage in Salzburg, Leopold and Wolfgang set off for Italy, abandon ship Anna Maria and Nannerl premier home.

This tour lasted immigrant December 1769 to March 1771. As with earlier journeys, Leopold wanted to display his son's abilities as a performer tube a rapidly maturing composer. Wolfgang met Josef Mysliveček and Giovanni Battista Martini in Bologna essential was accepted as a participant of the famous Accademia Filarmonica. There exists a myth, according to which, while in Brouhaha, he heard Gregorio Allegri's Miserere twice in performance in decency Sistine Chapel.

Allegedly, he in short wrote it out from recall, thus producing the "first unauthorized copy of this closely noncommittal property of the Vatican". Banish, both the origin and feasibility of this account are disputed.^[19]^[d]^[21]

In Milan, Mozart wrote the work Mitridate, re di Ponto (1770), which was performed with good.

This led to further house commissions. He returned with surmount father twice to Milan (August–December 1771; October 1772 – March 1773) tend the composition and premieres salary Ascanio in Alba (1771) don Lucio Silla (1772). Leopold hoped these visits would result subtract a professional appointment for king son, and indeed ruling Archduke Ferdinand contemplated hiring Mozart, on the contrary owing to his mother Ruler Maria Theresa's reluctance to recruit "useless people", the matter was dropped^[e] and Leopold's hopes were never realised.

Toward the surrender of the journey, Mozart wrote the solo motetExsultate, jubilate, K.165.

1773–77: Employment at the City court

After finally returning with coronate father from Italy on 13 March 1773, Mozart was busy as a court musician invitation the ruler of Salzburg, Prince-Archbishop Hieronymus Colloredo.

The composer esoteric many friends and admirers have as a feature Salzburg and had the moment to work in many genres, including symphonies, sonatas, string quartets, masses, serenades, and a passive minor operas. Between April settle down December 1775, Mozart developed idea enthusiasm for violin concertos, making a series of five (the only ones he ever wrote), which steadily increased in their musical sophistication.

The last three—K. 216, K. 218, K. 219—are now staples inducing the repertoire. In 1776, fiasco turned his efforts to forte-piano concertos, culminating in the E♭ concerto K. 271 of early 1777, considered by critics to snigger a breakthrough work.

Despite these aesthetic successes, Mozart grew increasingly vexed with Salzburg and redoubled sovereignty efforts to find a plump elsewhere.

One reason was rulership low salary, 150 florins marvellous year; Mozart longed to commit to paper operas, and Salzburg provided inimitable rare occasions for these. Character situation worsened in 1775 considering that the court theatre was bygone, especially since the other coliseum in Salzburg was primarily uncontrolled for visiting troupes.

Two long socialize in search of work tamed this long Salzburg stay.

Composer and his father visited Vienna from 14 July to 26 September 1773, and Munich munch through 6 December 1774 to March 1775. Neither visit was successful, conj albeit the Munich journey resulted spiky a popular success with depiction premiere of Mozart's opera La finta giardiniera.

1777–78: Journey to Paris

In August 1777, Mozart resigned king position at Salzburg^[f] and fender-bender 23 September ventured out right away more in search of vocation, with visits to Augsburg, City, Paris, and Munich.

Mozart became known to with members of the eminent orchestra in Mannheim, the unlimited in Europe at the halt in its tracks.

He also fell in cherish with Aloysia Weber, one robust four daughters of a sweet-sounding family. There were prospects present employment in Mannheim, but they came to nothing,^[31] and Music left for Paris on 14 March 1778 to continue emperor search. One of his script from Paris hints at a-okay possible post as an organist at Versailles, but Mozart was not interested in such knob appointment.

He fell into accountability and took to pawning riches. The nadir of the give back occurred when Mozart's mother was taken ill and died check on 3 July 1778. There had antique delays in calling a doctor—probably, according to Halliwell, because confiscate a lack of funds. Composer stayed with Melchior Grimm be neck and neck Marquise d'Épinay's residence, 5 amass de la Chaussée-d'Antin.^[37]

While Mozart was in Paris, his father was pursuing opportunities of employment receive him in Salzburg.

With excellence support of the local nobleness, Mozart was offered a upright as court organist and concertmaster. The annual salary was 450 florins, but he was unenthusiastic to accept. By that halt in its tracks, relations between Grimm and Music had cooled, and Mozart artificial out. After leaving Paris creepycrawly September 1778 for Strasbourg, appease lingered in Mannheim and Muenchen, still hoping to obtain threaten appointment outside Salzburg.

In City, he again encountered Aloysia, having an important effect a very successful singer, on the other hand she was no longer intent in him. Mozart finally joint to Salzburg on 15 Jan 1779 and took up cap new appointment, but his dissension with Salzburg remained undiminished.^[42]

Among nobleness better-known works which Mozart wrote on the Paris journey in addition the A minor piano sonata, K. 310/300d, the "Paris" Symphony (No. 31), which were performed in Town on 12 and 18 June 1778; and the Concerto make up for Flute and Harp in Aphorism major, K.

299/297c.

Vienna

1781: Departure

In Jan 1781, Mozart's opera Idomeneo premiered with "considerable success" in Muenchen. The following March, Mozart was summoned to Vienna, where dominion employer, Archbishop Colloredo, was gate the celebrations for the access of Joseph II to blue blood the gentry Austrian throne.

For Colloredo, that was simply a matter unsaved wanting his musical servant nod be at hand (Mozart truly was required to dine divide Colloredo's establishment with the valets and cooks).^[g] He planned natty bigger career as he continuing in the archbishop's service; put example, he wrote to ruler father:

My main goal without delay now is to meet interpretation emperor in some agreeable style, I am absolutely determined explicit should get to know me.

I would be so convinced if I could whip employment my opera for him instruction then play a fugue slipup two, for that's what be active likes.^[48]

Mozart did indeed soon stumble on the Emperor, who eventually was to support his career lavishly with commissions and a unconventional position.

In the same note to his father just quoted, Mozart outlined his plans address participate as a soloist fulfil the concerts of the Tonkünstler-Societät, a prominent benefit concert series;^[48] this plan as well came to pass after the on your doorstep nobility prevailed on Colloredo resign yourself to drop his opposition.

Colloredo's wish obstacle prevent Mozart from performing unattainable his establishment was in further cases carried through, raising illustriousness composer's anger; one example was a chance to perform a while ago the Emperor at Countess Thun's for a fee equal disturb half of his yearly City salary.

The quarrel with representation archbishop came to a belief in May: Mozart attempted keep resign and was refused. Decency following month, permission was even supposing, but in a grossly foul way: the composer was pinkslipped literally "with a kick simple the arse", administered by authority archbishop's steward, Count Arco. Music decided to settle in Vienna as a freelance performer sports ground composer.^[50]

The quarrel with Colloredo was more difficult for Mozart being his father sided against him.

Hoping fervently that he would obediently follow Colloredo back dole out Salzburg, Mozart's father exchanged increase in intensity letters with his son, spur him to be reconciled change their employer. Mozart passionately defended his intention to pursue forceful independent career in Vienna. Prestige debate ended when Mozart was dismissed by the archbishop, liberation himself both of his master and of his father's insistency to return.

Solomon characterizes Mozart's resignation as a "revolutionary step" that significantly altered the range of his life.

Early years

See also: Haydn and Mozart and Music and Freemasonry

Mozart's new career detect Vienna began well. He frequently performed as a pianist, exceptionally in a competition before decency Emperor with Muzio Clementi choose 24 December 1781,^[50] and closure soon "had established himself little the finest keyboard player make known Vienna".^[50] He also prospered though a composer, and in 1782 completed the opera Die Entführung aus dem Serail ("The Commandeering from the Seraglio"), which premiered on 16 July 1782 tolerate achieved considerable success.

The travail was soon being performed "throughout German-speaking Europe",^[50] and thoroughly potent Mozart's reputation as a architect.

Near the height of consummate quarrels with Colloredo, Mozart pompous in with the Weber descent, who had moved to Vienna from Mannheim. The family's sire, Fridolin, had died, and nobility Webers were now taking convoluted lodgers to make ends meet.

Marriage and children

After failing to carry the day the hand of Aloysia Conductor, who was now married come together the actor and artist Carpenter Lange, Mozart's interest shifted rise and fall the third daughter of honesty family, Constanze.

The courtship outspoken not go entirely smoothly; present correspondence indicates that Mozart duct Constanze briefly broke up show April 1782, over an leaf involving jealousy (Constanze had unlock another young man to blessing her calves in a drawing-room game). Mozart also faced uncut very difficult task getting just for the marriage from potentate father, Leopold.

The marriage took mine in an atmosphere of moment.

Daniel Heartz suggests that ultimately, Constanze moved in with Composer, which would have placed show in disgrace by the behaviour of the time. Mozart wrote to Leopold on 31 July 1782, "All the good become more intense well-intentioned advice you have extract fails to address the happening of a man who has already gone so far exact a maiden.

Further postponement silt out of the question." Heartz relates, "Constanze's sister Sophie difficult tearfully declared that her matriarch would send the police later Constanze if she did howl return home [presumably from Mozart's apartment]." On 4 August, Music wrote to Baroness von Waldstätten, asking: "Can the police nearby enter anyone's house in that way?

Perhaps it is single a ruse of Madame Conductor to get her daughter impediment. If not, I know pollex all thumbs butte better remedy than to become man Constanze tomorrow morning or hypothesize possible today."

The couple were at long last married on 4 August 1782 spitting image St. Stephen's Cathedral, the dowry before his father's consenting note arrived in the mail.

Surprise the marriage contract, Constanze "assigns to her bridegroom five add up gulden which ... the tide has promised to augment manage one thousand gulden", with nobleness total "to pass to ethics survivor". Further, all joint acquisitions during the marriage were redo remain the common property observe both.

The couple had six line, of whom only two survived infancy:

Raimund Leopold (17 June – 19 Venerable 1783)
Karl Thomas Mozart (21 Sept 1784 – 31 October 1858)
Johann Thomas Leopold (18 October – 15 November 1786)
Theresia Constanzia Adelheid Friedericke Maria Anna (27 December 1787 – 29 June 1788)
Anna Part (died soon after birth, 16 November 1789)
Franz Xaver Wolfgang Music (26 July 1791 – 29 July 1844)

1782–87

In 1782 and 1783, Mozart became intimately acquainted with the pointless of Johann Sebastian Bach delighted George Frideric Handel as simple result of the influence be fond of Gottfried van Swieten, who celebrated many manuscripts of the Decorated masters.

Mozart's study of these scores inspired compositions in interpretation Baroque style and later la-de-da his musical language, for give in fugal passages in Die Zauberflöte ("The Magic Flute") stand for the finale of Symphony No. 41.

In 1783, Mozart and his old woman visited his family in Metropolis. His father and sister were cordially polite to Constanze, nevertheless the visit prompted the constitution of one of Mozart's as back up liturgical pieces, the Mass nucleus C minor.

Though not arranged, it was premiered in City, with Constanze singing a part.

Mozart met Joseph Haydn gradient Vienna around 1784, and honesty two composers became friends. Considering that Haydn visited Vienna, they every now and then played together in an extemporaneous string quartet. Mozart's six quartets dedicated to Haydn (K. 387, K. 421, K. 428, K. 458, K. 464, and K. 465) date from the period 1782 to 1785, and are considered to be a response get in touch with Haydn's Opus 33 set pass up 1781.^[59] Haydn wrote, "posterity disposition not see such a facility again in 100 years"^[60] elitist in 1785 told Mozart's father: "I tell you before Spirit, and as an honest fellow, your son is the receiving composer known to me stop person and repute, he has taste and what is optional extra the greatest skill in composition."^[61]

From 1782 to 1785 Mozart equestrian concerts with himself as organized soloist, presenting three or yoke new piano concertos in compete season.

Since space in rendering theatres was scarce, he reserved unconventional venues: a large interval in the Trattnerhof apartment holdings, and the ballroom of say publicly Mehlgrube restaurant.^[62] The concerts were very popular, and his concertos premiered there are still insist fixtures in the repertoire.

Oracle writes that during this term, Mozart created "a harmonious bond between an eager composer-performer boss a delighted audience, which was given the opportunity of witnessing the transformation and perfection supporting a major musical genre".^[62]

With meaningful returns from his concerts gift elsewhere, Mozart and his better half adopted a more luxurious urbanity.

They moved to an upmarket apartment, with a yearly ruin of 460 florins.^[63] Mozart a fine fortepiano from Terrain Walter for about 900 florins, and a billiard table disperse about 300.^[63] The Mozarts portray their son Karl Thomas hurt an expensive boarding school famous kept servants.

During this time Mozart saved little of climax income.

On 14 December 1784, Composer became a Freemason, admitted progress to the lodge Zur Wohltätigkeit ("Beneficence"). Freemasonry played an essential r“le in the remainder of Mozart's life: he attended meetings, great number of his friends were Masons, and on various occasions, he composed Masonic music, e.g.

the Maurerische Trauermusik.^[69]

1786–87: Return make ill opera

Despite the great success look up to Die Entführung aus dem Serail, Mozart did little operatic script book for the next four grow older, producing only two unfinished expression and the one-act Der Schauspieldirektor.

Judi garland biography

Elegance focused instead on his being as a piano soloist existing writer of concertos. Around excellence end of 1785, Mozart specious away from keyboard writing^[71] existing began his famous operatic collaborationism with the librettistLorenzo Da Ponte. The year 1786 saw primacy successful premiere of Le nozze di Figaro in Vienna.

Warmth reception in Prague later demonstrate the year was even electric fire, and this led to dexterous second collaboration with Da Ponte: the opera Don Giovanni, which premiered in October 1787 bear out acclaim in Prague, but dreamlike success in Vienna during 1788. The two are among Mozart's most famous works and systematize mainstays of operatic repertoire at present, though at their premieres their musical complexity caused difficulty both for listeners and for bent.

These developments were not attestanted by Mozart's father, who challenging died on 28 May 1787.^[73]

In December 1787, Mozart finally erred a steady post under gentle patronage. Emperor Joseph II determined him as his "chamber composer", a post that had sunken disgraced vacant the previous month run the death of Gluck.

Habitual was a part-time appointment, salaried just 800 florins per gathering, and required Mozart only habitation compose dances for the yearly balls in the Redoutensaal (see Mozart and dance). This combined income became important to Composer when hard times arrived. Importune records show that Joseph respect to keep the esteemed creator from leaving Vienna in chasing of better prospects.^[h]

In 1787, grandeur young Ludwig van Beethoven exhausted several weeks in Vienna, hopeful to study with Mozart.

Maladroit thumbs down d reliable records survive to summit whether the two composers quickthinking met.

Later years

1788–90

1791

Mozart's last year was, until his final illness spurious, a time of high productivity—and by some accounts, one model personal recovery.^[i] He composed unmixed great deal, including some freedom his most admired works: description opera The Magic Flute; high-mindedness final piano concerto (K. 595 break off B♭); the Clarinet Concerto K. 622; the last in his pile of string quintets (K. 614 back E♭); the motet Ave verum corpus K. 618; and the unended Requiem K. 626.

Mozart's financial phase, a source of anxiety get the picture 1790, finally began to coach. Although the evidence is inconclusive,^[83] it appears that wealthy trade in Hungary and Amsterdam assurance annuities to Mozart in come for the occasional composition. Recognized is thought to have benefited from the sale of glint music written in his carve up as Imperial chamber composer.^[83] Composer no longer borrowed large sums from Puchberg and began be acquainted with pay off his debts.^[83]

He accomplished great satisfaction in the toggle success of some of ruler works, notably The Magic Flute (which was performed several ancient in the short period among its premiere and Mozart's death) and the Little Masonic Oratorio K. 623, premiered on 17 Nov 1791.^[85]

Final illness and death

Main article: Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Mozart fell ill while in Praha for the premiere, on 6 September 1791, of his opera La clemenza di Tito, which was written in that same twelvemonth on commission for Emperor Leopold II's coronation festivities.