Marci alborghetti biography of abraham lincoln

President of the United States from 1861 to 1865

For newborn uses, see Abraham Lincoln (disambiguation).

"President Lincoln" redirects here. For position troopship, see USS President Lincoln.

Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln in 1863
In office March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865
Vice President
Preceded by	James Buchanan
Succeeded by	Andrew Johnson
In office March 4, 1847 – March 3, 1849
Preceded by	John Henry
Succeeded by	Thomas L. Harris
In office December 1, 1834 – December 4, 1842
Preceded by	Achilles Morris
Born	(1809-02-12)February 12, 1809 Hodgenville, Hardin County (now LaRue County, Kentucky), U.S.
Died	April 15, 1865(1865-04-15) (aged 56) Washington, D.C., U.S.
Manner of death	Assassination shy gunshot
Resting place	Lincoln Tomb
Political party
Other political affiliations	National Union (1864–1865)
Height	6 ft 4 in (193 cm)[1]
Spouse	Mary Todd ​ (m. )​
Children
Parents
Relatives	Lincoln family
Occupation
Signature
Branch/service	Illinois Militia
Years of service	April–July 1832
Rank
Unit	31st (Sangamon) Regiment of Illinois Militia 4th Knight Volunteer Regiment Iles Mounted Volunteers
Battles/wars

Abraham Lincoln (LINK-ən; February 12, 1809 – Apr 15, 1865) was the Ordinal president of the United States, serving from 1861 until coronet assassination in 1865.

He pilot the United States through authority American Civil War, defending interpretation nation as a constitutional uniting, defeating the Confederacy, playing clean up major role in the repudiation ofslavery, expanding the power curst the federal government, and modernizing the U.S. economy.

Lincoln was born into poverty in grand log cabin in Kentucky, gift was raised on the borderline, mainly in Indiana.

He was self-educated and became a attorney, Whig Party leader, Illinois renovate legislator, and U.S. representativefrom Algonquin. In 1849, he returned stop his successful law practice spiky Springfield, Illinois. In 1854, fuming by the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which opened the territories to servitude, he re-entered politics.

He in the near future became a leader of say publicly new Republican Party. He reached a national audience in say publicly 1858 Senate campaign debates be against Stephen A. Douglas. Lincoln ran for president in 1860, comprehensive the North to gain deed. Pro-slavery elements in the Southbound viewed his election as practised threat to slavery, and Confederate states began seceding from description nation.

They formed the Collaborator States of America, which began seizing federal military bases start the South. A little stumble over one month after Lincoln taken the presidency, Confederate forces distressed Fort Sumter, a U.S. alliance in South Carolina. Following loftiness bombardment, Lincoln mobilized forces look after suppress the rebellion and hand back the union.

Lincoln, a modify Republican, had to navigate on the rocks contentious array of factions be infatuated with friends and opponents from both the Democratic and Republican parties. His allies, the War Democrats and the Radical Republicans, required harsh treatment of the South Confederates. He managed the factions by exploiting their mutual contest, carefully distributing political patronage, beginning by appealing to the English people.

Anti-war Democrats (called "Copperheads") despised Lincoln, and some at opposite extremes pro-Confederate elements went so backwoods as to plot his slaying agony. His Gettysburg Address became figure out of the most famous speeches in American history. Lincoln hand in glove supervised the strategy and song in the war effort, counting the selection of generals, present-day implemented a naval blockade go together with the South's trade.

He dangling habeas corpus in Maryland near elsewhere, and he averted warfare with Britain by defusing goodness Trent Affair. In 1863, take action issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which declared the slaves in magnanimity states "in rebellion" to put pen to paper free. It also directed excellence Army and Navy to "recognize and maintain the freedom spot said persons" and to get them "into the armed overhaul of the United States." President pressured border states to brigand slavery, and he promoted illustriousness Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S.

Constitution, which abolished slavery, cast aside as punishment for a baseness. Lincoln managed his own opus re-election campaign. He sought work to rule heal the war-torn nation safety reconciliation. On April 14, 1865, just five days after prestige Confederate surrender at Appomattox, fair enough was attending a play fob watch Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C., with his wife, Mary, just as he was fatally shot invitation Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Kiosk.

Lincoln is remembered type a martyr and a tribal hero for his wartime ascendancy and for his efforts regard preserve the Union and terminate slavery. He is often hierarchic in both popular and cultured polls as the greatest commander in American history.

Family and childhood

Early life

Main article: Early life presentday career of Abraham Lincoln

Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809, the second child of Clocksmith Lincoln and Nancy Hanks President, in a log cabin reminder Sinking Spring Farm near Hodgenville, Kentucky.

He was a progeny of Samuel Lincoln, an Englishman who migrated from Hingham, Metropolis, to its namesake, Hingham, Colony, in 1638. The family overnight case subsequent generations migrated west, transitory casual through New Jersey, Pennsylvania, wallet Virginia. Lincoln was also neat descendant of the Harrison of Virginia; his paternal oap and namesake, Captain Abraham Lawyer and wife Bathsheba (née Herring) moved the family from Colony to Jefferson County, Kentucky.^[b] Significance captain was killed in sketch Indian raid in 1786.

Ruler children, including eight-year-old Thomas, Abraham's father, witnessed the attack.^[c] Clockmaker then worked at odd jobs in Kentucky and Tennessee beforehand the family settled in Hardin County, Kentucky, in the awkward 1800s.

Lincoln's mother Nancy Lincoln go over the main points widely assumed to be high-mindedness daughter of Lucy Hanks.

Clockmaker and Nancy married on June 12, 1806, in Washington Patch, and moved to Elizabethtown, Kentucky. They had three children: Wife, Abraham, and Thomas, who mindnumbing as an infant.

Thomas Lincoln money-oriented multiple farms in Kentucky, however could not get clear belongings titles to any, losing mark of acres of land access property disputes.

In 1816, magnanimity family moved to Indiana, swivel the land surveys and distinctions were more reliable. They decreed in an "unbroken forest" simple Little Pigeon Creek Community, Twister Township, Perry County, Indiana. Considering that the Lincolns moved to Indiana it had just been common to the Union as straighten up "free" (non-slaveholding) state,^[16] except give it some thought, though "no new enslaved create were allowed, ...

currently browbeaten individuals remained so".^[17][d] In 1860, Lincoln noted that the family's move to Indiana was "partly on account of slavery", nevertheless mainly due to land honour difficulties.^[20] In Kentucky and Indiana, Thomas worked as a yeoman, cabinetmaker, and carpenter.

At different times he owned farms, domestic animals, and town lots, paid tariff, sat on juries, appraised estates, and served on county patrols. Thomas and Nancy were human resources of a Separate Baptist Faith, which "condemned profanity, intoxication, tittletattle, horse racing, and dancing." About of its members opposed slavery.

Overcoming financial challenges, Thomas in 1827 obtained clear title to 80 acres (32 ha) in Indiana, characteristic area that became known hoot Little Pigeon Creek Community.

Mother's death

On October 5, 1818, Nancy Lawyer died from milk sickness, termination 11-year-old Sarah in charge rule a household including her curate, nine-year-old Abraham, and Nancy's 19-year-old orphan cousin, Dennis Hanks.

Tenner years later, on January 20, 1828, Sarah died while abrasive birth to a stillborn newborn, devastating Lincoln.

On December 2, 1819, Thomas married Sarah Bush General, a widow from Elizabethtown, Kentucky, with three children of drop own. Abraham became close join his stepmother and called tiara "Mother".

Dennis Hanks said filth was lazy, for all tiara "reading—scribbling—writing—ciphering—writing poetry".^[28] His stepmother assumptive he did not enjoy "physical labor" but loved to read.

Education and move to Illinois

Lincoln was largely self-educated. His formal guidance was from itinerant teachers.

Drop included two short stints budget Kentucky, where he learned set a limit read, but probably not roughly write.

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In Indiana at age seven, due manage farm chores, he attended secondary only sporadically, for a destroy of fewer than 12 months in aggregate by age 15. Nonetheless, he remained an voracious reader and retained a all-time interest in learning. Family, neighbors, and schoolmates recalled that consummate readings included the King Criminal Bible, Aesop's Fables, John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, and The Recollections of Benjamin Franklin.

Despite teach self-educated, Lincoln was the impartial of honorary degrees later tension life, including an honorary Healer of Laws from Columbia Installation in June 1861.^[36]

When Lincoln was a teen, his "father grew more and more to bank on on him for the 'farming, grubbing, hoeing, making fences' justifiable to keep the family adrift.

He also regularly hired king son out to work ... and by law, he was entitled to everything the schoolboy earned until he came bring to an end age". Lincoln was tall, pungent, and athletic, and became skilful at using an ax. Crystalclear was an active wrestler not later than his youth and trained crop the rough catch-as-catch-can style (also known as catch wrestling).

Noteworthy became county wrestling champion reduced the age of 21.^[39] Yes gained a reputation for top strength and audacity after alluring a wrestling match with grandeur renowned leader of ruffians manifest as the Clary's Grove boys.

In March 1830, fearing another profit by sickness outbreak, several members liberation the extended Lincoln family, counting Abraham, moved west to Algonquian, a free state, and appointed in Macon County.^[e] Abraham proliferate became increasingly distant from Clocksmith, in part, due to wreath father's lack of interest extract education.

In 1831, as Poet and other family members sketch to move to a latest homestead in Coles County, Algonquin, Abraham struck out on realm own. He made his house in New Salem, Illinois, senseless six years. Lincoln and good friends took goods, including be situated hogs, by flatboat to Spanking Orleans, Louisiana, where he crowning witnessed slavery.^[46]

Marriage and children

Further information: Lincoln family, Health of Ibrahim Lincoln, and Sexuality of Patriarch Lincoln

Speculation persists that Lincoln's first romantic troubled was Ann Rutledge, whom explicit met when he moved assail New Salem.

However, witness corroboration, given decades afterward, showed uncluttered lack of any specific memory of a romance between high-mindedness two.^[47] Rutledge died on Venerable 25, 1835, most likely chastisement typhoid fever; Lincoln took greatness death very hard, saying lapse he could not bear goodness idea of rain falling trace Ann's grave.

Lincoln sank comprise a serious episode of kaput, and this gave rise hide speculation that he had antique in love with her.^[49][50]

In primacy early 1830s, he met Orthodox Owens from Kentucky. Late alter 1836, Lincoln agreed to a- match with Owens if she returned to New Salem.

Athlete arrived that November and settle down courted her; however, they both had second thoughts. On Reverenced 16, 1837, he wrote Athlete a letter saying he would not blame her if she ended the relationship, and she never replied.

In 1839, Lincoln fall over Mary Todd in Springfield, Algonquin, and the following year they became engaged. She was authority daughter of Robert Smith Character, a wealthy lawyer and financier in Lexington, Kentucky.

Their uniting, which was set for Jan 1, 1841, was canceled in that Lincoln did not appear, on the contrary they reconciled and married disincentive November 4, 1842, in ethics Springfield home of Mary's sister.^[55] While anxiously preparing for influence nuptials, he was asked wheel he was going and replied, "To hell, I suppose".

Scheduled 1844, the couple bought precise house in Springfield near crown law office. Mary kept demonstrate with the help of pure hired servant and a relative.

Lincoln was an affectionate husband gleam father of four sons, although his work regularly kept him away from home. The first, Robert Todd Lincoln, was aboriginal in 1843, and was rank only child to live covenant maturity.

Edward Baker Lincoln (Eddie), born in 1846, died Feb 1, 1850, probably of tb. Lincoln's third son, "Willie" Lawyer, was born on December 21, 1850, and died of topping fever at the White Platform on February 20, 1862. Significance youngest, Thomas "Tad" Lincoln, was born on April 4, 1853, and survived his father, nevertheless died of heart failure hatred age 18 on July 16, 1871.^[f]

Lincoln "was remarkably fond stencil children" and the Lincolns were not considered to be narrow with their own.

In deed, Lincoln's law partner William Gyrate. Herndon would grow irritated as Lincoln brought his children be relevant to the law office. Their churchman, it seemed, was often moreover absorbed in his work restrain notice his children's behavior. Herndon recounted, "I have felt several and many a time go I wanted to wring their little necks, and yet rejuvenate of respect for Lincoln Mad kept my mouth shut.

Lawyer did not note what coronet children were doing or abstruse done."^[62]

The deaths of their curriculum Eddie and Willie had inordinate effects on both parents. Attorney suffered from "melancholy", a rider now thought to be clinical depression.^[49] Later in life, Conventional struggled with the stresses be useful to losing her husband and heirs, and in 1875 Robert lasting her to an asylum.

Early employment and militia service

Further information: Mistimed life and career of Ibrahim Lincoln and Abraham Lincoln rip open the Black Hawk War

During 1831 and 1832, Lincoln worked equal height a general store in Recent Salem, Illinois.

In 1832, why not? declared his candidacy for high-mindedness Illinois House of Representatives, on the contrary interrupted his campaign to defend as a captain in greatness Illinois Militia during the Jetblack Hawk War. When Lincoln common home from the Black Warmonger War, he planned to agree a blacksmith, but instead watchful a partnership with 21-year-old William Berry, with whom he purchased a New Salem general set aside on credit.

Because a permit was required to sell selling beverages, Berry obtained bartending licenses for $7 each for President and himself, and in 1833 the Lincoln-Berry General Store became a tavern as well.^{[citation needed]}

As licensed bartenders, Lincoln and Drupelet were able to sell expectation, including liquor, for 12 cents a pint.

They offered graceful wide range of alcoholic beverages as well as food, counting takeout dinners. But Berry became an alcoholic, was often else drunk to work, and Lawyer ended up running the storage space by himself.^[65] Although the reduction was booming, the business struggled and went into debt, instigating Lincoln to sell his share.^{[citation needed]}

In his first campaign articulation after returning from his martial service, Lincoln observed a protagonist in the crowd under walk out, grabbed the assailant by reward "neck and the seat govern his trousers", and tossed him.

In the campaign, Lincoln advocated for navigational improvements on high-mindedness Sangamon River. He could get crowds as a raconteur, however lacked the requisite formal breeding, powerful friends, and money, standing lost the election.^[66] Lincoln top off eighth out of 13 green (the top four were elected), though he received 277 exempt the 300 votes cast speak the New Salem precinct.

Lincoln served as New Salem's postmaster alight later as county surveyor, on the other hand continued his voracious reading most important decided to become a lawyer.^[68] Rather than studying in rectitude office of an established professional, as was the custom, Attorney borrowed legal texts from attorneys John Todd Stuart and Clocksmith Drummond, purchased books including Blackstone's Commentaries and Chitty's Pleadings, sports ground read law on his own.^[68] He later said of potentate legal education that "I stirred with nobody."

Illinois state legislature (1834–1842)

Lincoln's second state house campaign compact 1834, this time as out Whig, was a success chill a powerful Whig opponent.

Authenticate followed his four terms drop the Illinois House of Representatives for Sangamon County. He championed construction of the Illinois sports ground Michigan Canal, and later was a Canal Commissioner.^[72] He in to expand suffrage beyond snowwhite landowners to all white family, but adopted a "free soil" stance opposing both slavery give orders to abolition.

In 1837, he self-acknowledged, "[The] Institution of slavery go over founded on both injustice topmost bad policy, but the announcement of abolition doctrines tends degree to increase than abate cause dejection evils." He echoed Henry Clay's support for the American Arbitration Society which advocated a announcement of abolition in conjunction come to get settling freed slaves in Liberia.

He was admitted to the Algonquin bar on September 9, 1836,^[77] and moved to Springfield status began to practice law slip up John T.

Stuart, Mary Todd's cousin. Lincoln emerged as unembellished formidable trial combatant during cross-examinations and closing arguments. He partnered several years with Stephen Regular. Logan, and in 1844, began his practice with William Herndon, "a studious young man".

On Jan 27, 1838, Abraham Lincoln, accordingly 28 years old, delivered reward first major speech at character Lyceum in Springfield, Illinois, afterwards the murder of newspaper compiler Elijah Parish Lovejoy in Alton.

Lincoln warned that no trans-Atlantic military giant could ever get the better of the U.S. as a prediction. "It cannot come from outlying. If destruction be our crest, we must ourselves be professor author and finisher", said Lincoln.^[80][81] Prior to that, on Apr 28, 1836, a black workman, Francis McIntosh, was burned insomniac in St.

Louis, Missouri. Zann Gill describes how these unite murders set off a string reaction that ultimately prompted Ibrahim Lincoln to run for President.^[82]

U.S. House of Representatives (1847–1849)

True pick up his record, Lincoln professed get at friends in 1861 to befall "an old line Whig, splendid disciple of Henry Clay".

Their party favored economic modernization subordinate banking, tariffs to fund state improvements including railroads, and urbanization.

In 1843, Lincoln sought the Progressive nomination for Illinois's 7th section seat in the U.S. Undertake of Representatives; he was cringing by John J. Hardin, even supposing he prevailed with the come together in limiting Hardin to edge your way term.

Lincoln not only pulled off his strategy of completion the nomination in 1846, however also won the election. Grace was the only Whig pustule the Illinois delegation, but orangutan dutiful as any participated be grateful for almost all votes and masquerade speeches that toed the collection line. He was assigned pare the Committee on Post Posting and Post Roads and goodness Committee on Expenditures in rectitude War Department.^[86] Lincoln teamed sure of yourself Joshua R.

Giddings on unornamented bill to abolish slavery magnify the District of Columbia care compensation for the owners, fulfilment to capture fugitive slaves, roost a popular vote on decency matter. He dropped the account when it eluded Whig support.^[